EWPAA 2022: European Workshop on Photocathodes for Particle Accelerator Applications

20 Sept 2022, 13:00 → 22 Sept 2022, 13:00 Europe/Rome

Aula Magna C03 (Milano)

Daniele Sertore (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare)

           Welcome to EWPAA 2022!         

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to announce that the European Workshop on Photocathodes for Particle Accelerator Applications (EWPAA 2022) will be held in Milano, from September 20 to 22, 2022. Given the present situation, we plan to have the Workshop in presence.

We invite you to participate to this workshop that it will be focused on recent advances in research and development of photocathodes for accelerator applications. Contributions are welcome from different topics, spanning operational experience, preparation, instrumentation, theoretical modelling, industrial applications and novel materials. The scientific program of the workshop will consist of invited talks and contributed presentations, either in the form of oral presentations or posters.

The workshop will be held from Tuesday noon to Thursday noon with the Tuesday afternoon assigned for the poster session.

 

Scientific Program Committee

Maud Baylac (CNRS-LPSC)
Caterina Cocchi (Universitat Oldenburg)
Romain Ganter (PSI)
Lee Jones (UKRI STFC)
Thorsten Kamps (HZB)
Julius Kühn (HZB)
Tim Noakes (UKRI STFC)
Daniele Sertore (INFN Milano - LASA)
Rong Xiang (HZDR)


Local Organizing Committee
Daniele Sertore
Laura Monaco

Tuesday, 20 September

14:00 → 14:20 Welcome

Welcome.pptx

14:20 → 15:30 Overview of Photocathode Research

Convener: Daniele Sertore (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare)

14:20 High brightness beams

Speaker: Alberto Luigi Bacci (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare)

AB-HBB_2.pptx

14:50 Recent advancements on photocathodes

Speaker: Laura Silvia Monaco (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare)

Monaco_slides.pptx

15:10 Experience on polarized photocathodes

Speaker: Kurt Aulenbacher (Institut für Kernphysik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz)

Talk_aulenbacher_EWPAA_20SEP2022_final.pdf

Talk_aulenbacher_EWPAA_20SEP2022_final.pptx

15:30 → 16:00 Coffee Break

16:00 → 18:00 Photocathode Performance in Accelerator Applications

Convener: Rong Xiang (HZDR)

16:00 JLAB DC gun developments

Speaker: Dr Carlos Hernandez Garcia (JLAB)

1-JLab DC gun developments Hernandez-Garcia EWPAA 2022.pptx

16:20 CsK2Sb-photocathodes for application in an industrial accelerator

The LightHouse project is a novel industrial application of an electron accelerator for the production of medical isotopes (99Mo) as an alternative to nuclear reactors.
In the framework of the SMART project of the company Institut National des Radioéléments (IRE), RI is responsible for the superconducting electron accelerator which includes the DC photoinjector, the SRF modules and the entire beamline for a 75Mev, 40mA, 3 MW cw beam to the target.

One subproject is the production and supply of the photocathodes for the photoinjector. Therefore, RI built up a beam test facility which includes the injector, a deposition chamber, and an automated transfer line to bring the photocathodes from the deposition chamber to the gun keeping the cathodes in a common ultra-high vacuum system.
The photocathodes are based on typical sequential deposition recipes of CsK2Sb-cathodes [1-3] on Mo and SS substrate. An advantage of the deposition chamber is the use of thermal effusion cells which can be filled with a few grams of alkali metals. The alkali metals are alloyed into indium in order to increase the evaporation temperature. This allows the production of more than 20 photocathodes without the need to refill the evaporators.
First results show that photocathodes with a QE> 4% can be produced reliably and can be transported from the deposition chamber into the gun without a measurable degradation.

[1] Schmeißer, M. “Photocathodes for high brightness, high average current photoelectron injectors.” Dissertation Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (2019)
[2] Wang, E., et al. "Long lifetime of bialkali photocathodes operating in high gradient superconducting radio frequency gun." Scientific Reports 11.1 (2021): 1-9.
[3] Bazarov, I., et al. “Chapter 7: “Semiconductor photocathodes for unpolarized electron beams.” An Engineering Guide to Photoinjectors, T. Rao and D. H. Dowell, Eds. (2013): 184-217

Speaker: Verena Kuemper (Research Instruments)

2-20220920_EWPAA2022_presentation.pdf

16:40 Status of precise measurements of electron-beam polarization changes during long term operation

For the high-precision measurements in the experiments at the new Mainz Energy Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA), it is necessary to know exactly the long-term spin properties of the electron beam. For this purpose, a test setup has been built at the Institute for Nuclear physics. Different preparation methods of a photocathode with nitrogen trifluoride and oxygen are compared.The aim is to examine the advantages of an oxygen-free preparation, especially with regard to the influence on the evolution of spin polarization during the experiment.The setup and the first preliminary results are presented here.

Speaker: Dr Jennifer Groth (Uni Mainz)

3-EWPAA22_JGroth.pdf

17:00 Photocathode activities at DESY

Speaker: Dr David Pavel Juarez Lopez (DESY)

EWPAA'22_PJuarezV2.pdf

17:20 Performance of bialkali photocathode in DC-SRF photoinjector

Speaker: Dr Haumu Xie (Peking University)

5-EWPAA_PKU_Huamu Xie2.pdf

17:40 Photocathode perfomance at LCLS-II

Speaker: Dr Theo Vecchione (SLAC)

6-Photocathode Performance at the LCLS-II.pdf

18:00 → 19:00 Poster

18:00 Stability and electronic properties of CsK2Sb surface facets

Multi-alkali antimonides have been proposed as a promising class of photocathode materials for particle accelerators. First-principles results have recently complemented the experimental efforts in the characterization of these systems [1]. However, most of the existing studies focus on bulk crystals and still little is known about their surface properties. We fill this gap with an ab initio study based on density-functional theory of the energetic and electronic properties of 7 CsK2Sb surface facets of low Miller index [2]. We analyze the structural optimization of the atomic layers at the interface with vacuum and investigate formation energies as a function of chemical potential to quantify the stability of these systems at varying concentration of the alkali species. We find that the (111)-surfaces terminated with K on top of Sb are generally the most stable ones. The considered surfaces exhibit either semiconducting or metallic character. With a band gap of 1.3 eV for the most stable semiconducting surface and work functions around 2.5 eV for the metallic ones, the computed results are in good agreement with experimental values.

[1] C. Cocchi and H-D. Sassnick, Micromachines 12, 1002 (2021).
[2] R. Schier, H-D. Sassnick, and C. Cocchi, submitted (2022); arXiv:2208.05843.

Speaker: Dr Richard Schier (UNI-Oldenburg)

18:05 Superconducting photocathode quantum efficiency enhancement with UV plasmonics

A surface modification technique is described that significantly enhances the photoelectric quan-
tum efficiency (QE) of Nb at 248 nm by more than two orders of magnitude, thereby making this
material suitable potentially as a cathode for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) photoinjectors. The approach uses ultra-thin-film metallic coatings that exploit proximity coupled superconductivity, as well as plasmonic resonances in the deep UV, to enhance QE while at the same time allowing exposure of the Nb cathode to air. The first step is the in-situ deposition of a 10 nm layer of Mg onto a clean Nb surface prepared by a high temperature UHV anneal. Earlier proximity effect studies of similarly processed Nb/Mg bilayers reveal the superconducting gap of Nb on the surface indicating the induced superconductivity in the Mg layer should maintain the low RF losses of Nb. Deposition of ultra-thin islands of In (4 nm thickness) on top of air exposed samples (Nb/Mg/Mg-oxide) leads to reproducible overall enhancements of QE by a factor of greater than 400. This strong enhancement is attributed to the deep UV plasmon resonances of the In islands observed in the optical reflectance of the coated Nb sample and found in COMSOL simulations. This proof-of-principle experiment opens the door to lithographically tailored surface plasmonic nano structures to create fully superconducting photocathodes based on Nb, or other higher Tc superconductors, that are robust in air
and have acceptable QE values in the UV.

Speaker: Dr Linda Spentzouris (Illinois Tech (IIT))

Euro_Photocathde_poster2022.pdf

18:10 THE ALKALI METAL PHOTOCATHODE PREPARATION FACILITY AT DARESBURY LABORATORY: FIRST CAESIUM TELLURIDE DEPOSITION RESULTS

Speaker: H. M. Churn (ASTeC)

THPOPT044 Poster.pdf

Wednesday, 21 September

09:00 → 10:40 New Photocathode Ideas

Convener: Laura Silvia Monaco (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare)

09:00 Ultra-thin MgO films on metal photocathodes to enhance QE

Metal photocathodes are widely utilised for their ease of use, high durability and fast response time. However, the high work function (WF) and low quantum efficiency (QE) typically observed in metals necessitates the use of high power deep UV lasers. Metal oxide films on metals have been shown to produce a surface with a lower WF and improved QE* whilst maintaining photocathode durability.

We present an overview of experimental work conducted to apply ultra-thin MgO films on copper and silver photocathodes, and a study of their performance as candidates for future photocathode applications. We show their the surface properties and photoemissive characteristics, including surface composition and roughness, WF, QE and mean transverse energy (MTE) as a function of illumination wavelength.

*V. Chang, T. C. Q. Noakes, and N. M. Harrison. “Work function and quantum efficiency study of metal oxide thin films on Ag(100)”. In: Physical Review B 97 (15 Apr. 2018), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.97.155436.

Speaker: Dr Christopher Benjamin (Uni Warwick and STFC)

220822-MgOEnhancedMetals-EWPAA22-V2.1.pptx

09:20 Plasma photocathode

Speaker: Carlo Benedetti (LBNL)

Benedetti_EWPAA2022.pdf

09:40 CERN Photocathode Activities

Speaker: Dr Miguel Martinez Calderon (CERN)

EWPAA2022_MiguelMartinezCalderon.pptx

10:00 Protective layers on bi-alkali photocathodes

Speaker: Dr Nathan Moody (LANL)

4-EWPAA2022_LANL.pdf

10:20 AI/ML-selection of air-stable photocathodes

Speaker: Dr Evan Antoniuk (Stanford)

ewpaa_2022_slides.pptx

10:40 → 11:10 Coffee Break

11:10 → 12:30 Metallic Photocathodes

Convener: Lee Jones (STFC)

11:10 Studies on the evolution of MTE for photocathdes subjected to controlled degradation by gas exposure

The electron beam quality of a photocathode-based electron source is limited by the achievable mean transverse energy (MTE). The Liouville theorem states that the total emittance of a beam cannot improve as it propagates through an accelerator, only manipulated using lattice optics. Therefore minimising the intrinsic emittance of a photocathode is important. This alongside other factors such as the quantum efficiency (QE) of a photocathode determines the ultimate beam quality. The chemical properties of a photoemissive surface affect the energy spread of any emitted electrons, and consequently the intrinsic emittance of that source.
The robustness of the photocathode is also a crucial performance aspect, as this helps determine the lifetime of a cathode. I will talk through the performance data on two photocathodes, subjected to progressive degradation by controlled exposure to residual gases typically found in a UHV system: an Ag polycrystalline cathode at 266 nm and a Cs implanted Cu polycrystalline cathode at 405 nm. The data crucially shows the effect of this progressive degradation on photocathode performance due to gas exposure.

Speaker: Liam Soomary (The Cockcroft Institute / The University of Liverpool)

Liam Soomary EWPAA 2022 Oral Presentation.pptx

11:30 Copper cathode

Speaker: Dr Tim Noakes (STFC)

CopperPhotocathodesforCLARA.pptx

11:50 Copper photocathode experience at FERMI

Speaker: Mauro Trovò (ELETTRA)

TrovoM-EWPAA2022.pptx

12:10 Technology aspects in preparation at NCBJ of Nb_Pb sc photocathodes for XFEL-type RF e- gun.

A photocathode composed of a Pb layer deposited on Nb substrate is an attractive solution proposed for fully superconducting, radio-frequency electron gun to be used in the linear accelerator of the European X-ray free electron laser (Eu-XFEL) operating at Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and in other, similar devices. Much effort has been put in development of deposition and post-processing of Pb films as superconducting photoemitters. These works led to a satisfactory solution based on lead deposition in a cathodic-arc followed by ex-situ smoothing of the obtained film through its re-melting with a pulsed plasma ion beam. Pb layers obtained by different procedures have been tested for their morphology, microstructure, dark current emission, quantum efficiency and impact on SRF e- gun performance. Preliminary results are presented of recent Pb coatings on Nb aimed at further improvement of the film smoothness.

Speaker: Dr Jerzy Lorkiewicz (NCBJ)

4-J_Lorkiewicz_EWPAA_21_Sep_2022.pptx

12:30 → 14:00 Lunch

14:00 → 15:20 Semiconductor Photocathode

Convener: Maud Baylac (CNRS-LPSC)

14:00 Multi-alkali antimonide photocathodes for highly brilliant electron beams

The goal of the Sealab/bERLinPro project is to build a new generation superconducting RF electron accelerator at HZB. Therefore, a photocathode with high QE and long operation lifetime is required for this project. Multi-alkali antimonide photocathodes deposited on Mo substrate is chosen for this application due to its high QE (>1%) at visible wavelengths and good thermal conductivity.

Currently, Na-K-Sb photocathodes are produced in UHV preparation chamber at our photocathode lab. The influence of deposition parameters is studied in order to optimize the growth procedure and to achieve better stability at higher temperature (compared to photocathodes with Cs composition), which could benefit operational lifetime. XPS and QE measurements are performed, and the correlation between chemical composition and QE value are presented in this contribution.

Speaker: Chen Wang (HZB)

2022-09-21_EWPAA2022_Chen.pptx

14:20 Performance characterisation at Daresbury Laboratory of CsTe photocathodes grown at CERN

A UK X-FEL will require a high-performance photocathode to generate an electron beam with the necessary qualities. Caesium Telluride is a candidate material for this photocathode application.

The surface characteristics of a photocathode affect many important factors of the photoemission process including the photoemission threshold, the intrinsic emittance and the quantum efficiency. These factors in turn define and limit the achievable electron beam quality which is measurable using figures of merit like beam emittance, beam brightness and energy spread.

We present chemical analysis and photoemission performance measurements for caesium telluride photocathodes synthesized at CERN. The photocathodes were transported under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and analysed at the STFC Daresbury Laboratory using ASTeC's Multiprobe (SAPI) for surface characterisation via XPS and STM, and the unique Transverse Energy Spread Spectrometer (TESS)* for Mean Transverse Energy (MTE) measurements. The MTE measurements were made at both room and cryogenic temperatures. We discuss the evident correlations between the measured surface characteristics and the MTE values under a range of photocathode illumination wavelengths.

• B.L. Militsyn, 4-th EuCARD2 WP12.5 meeting, Warsaw, 14-15 March 2017

** L.B. Jones et al., Proc. FEL `13, TUPPS033, 290-293; https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/FEL2013/papers/tupso33.pdf

Speaker: Dr Lee Jones (STFC)

EWPAA '22 - Lee Jones - CERN CsTe Photocathodes.pptx

14:40 Cs2TE\KCsSb in gun operation at PITZ

Speaker: Dr Sandeep Mohanty (DESY/INFN)

Greencathode_EWPAA2022.pdf

15:00 Operation of Cs2Te in SRF gun for THz user shifts

Speaker: Dr Rong Xiang (HZDR)

Xiang_Operation of Cs2Te in SRF-gun for ELBE.pdf

15:20 → 15:40 ERL Roadmap for Europe

15:20 ERL Roadmap for Europe

Speaker: Boris Militsyn

B.L. Militsyn EWPAA2022.pptx

15:40 → 16:00 Coffee Break

16:00 → 20:00 Visit to LASA Laboratory

Thursday, 22 September

09:00 → 10:30 Theory

Convener: Tim Noakes (STFC)

09:00 Monte Carlo transverse emittance and quantum efficiency study on Cs2Te

Monte Carlo simulation study of Cs2Te

Gowri Adhikari1,7, Houjun Qian1,2, Peng-Wei Huang3, Mikhail Krasilnikov1, Matthias Gross1, Frank Stephan1, Sven Lederer6, Pavel Juarez6, Caterina Cocchi4, Holger-Dietrich Sassnick4, Daniele Sertore5, and Laura Monaco5

1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenalle 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
2 Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai 201210, China
3 Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4 Carl von Ossietzky Universit¨at Oldenburg, Physics Department, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
5 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - LASA, Segrate, Italy
6 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
7 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

The semiconductor photocathodes are very attractive because of their high quantum yield. The semiconductors that have a relatively large band gap (Eg) and a comparatively low electronic affinity (Ea) are considered good photo emitters [1]. Cs2Te is considered a robust high current photo emitter for FEL and particle accelerator applications [2]. In this contribution, a theoretical formulation of a three-step model [3] is developed, using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and the Monte Carlo simulation [4]. The simulation includes the density of states (DOS) of the valence bands, the electron transport mechanisms, the direction changes after each scattering event, the Schottky effect, band bending effects, and the transverse momentum conservation. The model agrees well with measured results for thermal emittance, quantum efficiency, and response time data of Cs2Te.

1. Spicer W.E. “Photo emissive, photoconductive, and optical absorption studies of alkali-antimony
   compounds” Phys. Rev 112 114 (1958).
2. Kong S. H., Kinross-Wright J. and Nguyen D. C. “Cesium Telluride photocathodes” J. Appl. Phys. 77 6031
   (1995).
3. Dowell D and Schmerge J “Quantum efficiency and thermal emittance of metal photocathodes” Phys. Rev.
   Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 12 074201 (2009).
4. Ferrini G., Michelatob P. and Parmigiani F. “A Monte Carlo simulation of low energy photoelectron
   scattering in Cs2Te” Solid State Communications 106-1 21-26 (1998).

Speaker: Gowri Adhikari (SLAC)

Montecarlo_EWPAA_upload.pdf

09:20 Monte Carlo simulations of electron photoemission from plasmon-enhanced bialkali photocathode

Speaker: Dr Zenggong Jiang (SINAP)

2-EWPAA_SARI_Zenggong Jiang.ppt

09:40 Exploring cesium–tellurium phase space via high-throughput calculations beyond semi-local density-functional theory

Speaker: Holger-Dietrich Sassnick (Uni Oldenburg)

3-pres_ewpaa_22_holger.pdf

10:00 Ultrafast sub-threshold one-photon photoemission

Speaker: Andreas Schroeder (Uni Illinois)

EWPPAA2022_Schroeder_Final.pptx

10:30 → 11:00 Coffee Break

11:00 → 13:00 Advanced Photocathode Characterization

Convener: Dr Julius Kuehn (HZB)

11:00 ASU Photocathode Research Lab

Speaker: Dr Siddartha Karkare (Uni Arizona)

EWPAA_ASU_cathodes_lab.pptx

11:20 Photocathode response time measurement

Speaker: Dr Gregor Loisch (DESY Zeuthen)

20220920 - RespT PITZ EWPAA22 GL.pdf

11:40 Resolving surface chemical states of p-GaN:Cs photocathodes by XPS analysis

Speaker: Jana Schaber (HZDR)

Jana_GaN_EWPAA22.pptx

12:00 High crystalline cesium telluride photocathode on atomically thin graphene with co-deposition

Speaker: Dr Mengjia Gaowei (BNL)

EWPPA_CsTe_talk_upload.pdf

12:20 Molecular beam epitaxy of Cs-Sb thin films: structure-oriented growth of high efficiency photocathodes

Speaker: Dr Alice Galdi (Universita' degli Studi di Salerno)

AGaldi_EWPAA22.pdf

AGaldi_EWPAA22.pptx

12:40 Stoichiometry control and automated growth of alkali antimonide photocathode films by molecular beam deposition

Speaker: Dr Vitaly Pavlenko (LANL)

EWPAA Pavlenko.pdf

EWPAA Pavlenko.pptx