I Seminario Nazionale Rivelatori Innovativi

30 Nov 2009, 08:30 → 4 Dec 2009, 19:00 Europe/Rome

Nuovo Centro Servizi (INFN - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati)

The aim of the course is to enable INFN researchers to improve their awareness and knowledge on the present status, current limits and future developments in novel detection techniques and related aspects (simulation, signal acquisition, tracking, particle identification,...).

The course is structured as follows: morning sessions will be devoted to lectures given by world-wide recognized detector experts, whereas, in the afternoons, “hands-on” laboratory sessions will allow participants to taste state-of-the-art detectors.

TOPICS

Lecture Topics:

• Channeling Radiation
  
• Liquid Argon Detectors
  
• Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
  
• Monolithic Pixels for Innovative Silicon Trackers
  
• Nanotube Technology
  
• Particle Identification Systems for Super B-factories (PID)
  
• Photodetectors for Medical Imaging
  
• Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM)
  

Laboratory Topics:

• Gas Electron Multiplier Detectors (GEM)
  
• Medical Imaging
  
• Nanotube Technology based Detectors
  
• Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM)
  
• Single photon detection using Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM)
  

APPLICATION

Attendance to the School will be limited to 30 young INFN researchers.
Participants are expected to attend the school for its full duration.

The application procedure is available here.
In addition a short scientific curriculum (max 3000 characters) must be sent by e-mail to the conference e-mail address: snri09@lnf.infn.it

Non INFN staff researchers can apply sending their application by e-mail to the conference address: snri09@lnf.infn.it

The deadline is October 09, 2009

The selection of the participants will be made by the Scientific Committee of the School.
The acceptance will be notified by email within October 23, 2009

Material caen

Material Villa_Grazioli.jpg

Paper participants.pdf

pictures Documents and Settings/bertelli/Desktop/Documenti/conferenze/SNRI/Photographs.ppt photographs.ppt

Poster poster.jpg

Monday, 30 November

08:30 Participants Registration

09:00 Welcome of Prof. Eugenio Nappi and Prof. Mario Calvetti

Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors - basic principles

Energy loss and ionization processes in matter by charged particles and photons; transport and collection of charges in gases; avalanche charge multiplication.

Slides sauli.pdf

Carbon Nanotubes: Fundamentals, synthesis, and applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long molecular structures having exceptional
electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. These properties, along with
application-oriented characteristics such as high surface area, diverse
capabilities for chemical modification and functionalization, and strong
interactions with polymers and composite host materials, are generating
widespread interest in CNTs for applications ranging from transistors and
memory devices, to large-scale aerospace structures.
This course will provide a broad introduction to the science, synthesis, and applications of CNTs. The major topics will be:

- The structure of CNTs in relation to other types of carbon fibers and
filaments, and a brief history of their development.

- A simple theoretical treatment of the fundamental properties of CNTs as
related to their atomic structure, and a review of experimental
characterization of these properties.

- Methods of CNT synthesis, particularly catalytic chemical vapor deposition
(CVD); methods of control of CNT diameter, alignment, and orientation by
selection of the process parameters and by use of external fields during growth.

- Post-growth processing and organization of CNTs: separation,
functionalization, sorting, printing, making electrical and thermal contact, etc.

- Emerging applications of CNTs in electronic devices, microsystems, and
radiation.

Slides Intro_santucci.ppt

11:00 Coffee Break

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM)

Detection of photon is a base of many particle/radiation detectors. The development of novel photodetector opens up a new realm of application, and possibly leads to new discoveries.

In the past few years, rapid progress was seen in the development of multi-pixel avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operated in the Geiger mode (commonly known as "silicon PM" devices, and have many different names depending on manufacturer). They consists of many (100 to >1000) small APD in a typical area of order 1 mm2. Each APD micropixel independently works as a photodetector operating in the Geiger mode, realizing large gain while keeping photon counting capability.

The Geiger-mode APDs have many advantages as photon detector, such as high gain with low voltage and low power consumption, large photon detection efficiency, and immunity to magnetic fields and are expected to replace photomultiplier tubes in some of applications.

In this lecture, I will start from explaining the basic operation principle of the multi-pixel Geiger mode APD. Then, I will introduce performance of currently available device, such as gain, dark noise rate, photodetection efficiency, and interpixel cross-talk, etc., with some emphasis on the relevance to the real application. The method to evaluate those key parameters will be also explained. Also discussed will be possibility of improvements of device performance, and applications to the high-energy physics, medicine, astro-particle physics and nuclear science instruments.

Slides Yokoyama-lecture1.pdf

Photodetectors for Medical Imaging

Slides SNRI_talk_Pani_A.ppt

13:30 Lunch

GEM

Medical Imaging

Nanotube Technology Detectors

Slides Ambrosio_Presentazione_Seminario_LNF.ppt

SiPM

THGEM for Single Photon Detection

Slides SNRI_2009_THGEM_v2.pptx

Tuesday, 1 December

Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors - gaseous detectors

Classic proportional, multiwire and drift chamber detectors; microstrip gas chambers; micropattern gas detectors: gain characteristics, rate capability, discharge problems.

Slides sauli.pdf

Carbon Nanotubes: Fundamentals, synthesis, and applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long molecular structures having exceptional
electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. These properties, along with
application-oriented characteristics such as high surface area, diverse
capabilities for chemical modification and functionalization, and strong
interactions with polymers and composite host materials, are generating
widespread interest in CNTs for applications ranging from transistors and
memory devices, to large-scale aerospace structures.
This course will provide a broad introduction to the science, synthesis, and applications of CNTs. The major topics will be:

- The structure of CNTs in relation to other types of carbon fibers and
filaments, and a brief history of their development.

- A simple theoretical treatment of the fundamental properties of CNTs as
related to their atomic structure, and a review of experimental
characterization of these properties.

- Methods of CNT synthesis, particularly catalytic chemical vapor deposition
(CVD); methods of control of CNT diameter, alignment, and orientation by
selection of the process parameters and by use of external fields during growth.

- Post-growth processing and organization of CNTs: separation,
functionalization, sorting, printing, making electrical and thermal contact, etc.

- Emerging applications of CNTs in electronic devices, microsystems, and
radiation.

slides santucci.ppt

11:30 Coffee break

Carbon Nanotubes: Fundamentals, synthesis, and applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long molecular structures having exceptional
electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. These properties, along with
application-oriented characteristics such as high surface area, diverse
capabilities for chemical modification and functionalization, and strong
interactions with polymers and composite host materials, are generating
widespread interest in CNTs for applications ranging from transistors and
memory devices, to large-scale aerospace structures.
This course will provide a broad introduction to the science, synthesis, and applications of CNTs. The major topics will be:

- The structure of CNTs in relation to other types of carbon fibers and
filaments, and a brief history of their development.

- A simple theoretical treatment of the fundamental properties of CNTs as
related to their atomic structure, and a review of experimental
characterization of these properties.

- Methods of CNT synthesis, particularly catalytic chemical vapor deposition
(CVD); methods of control of CNT diameter, alignment, and orientation by
selection of the process parameters and by use of external fields during growth.

- Post-growth processing and organization of CNTs: separation,
functionalization, sorting, printing, making electrical and thermal contact, etc.

- Emerging applications of CNTs in electronic devices, microsystems, and
radiation.

slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=17&resId=0&materialId=2&confId=1530

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM)

Detection of photon is a base of many particle/radiation detectors. The development of novel photodetector opens up a new realm of application, and possibly leads to new discoveries.

In the past few years, rapid progress was seen in the development of multi-pixel avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operated in the Geiger mode (commonly known as "silicon PM" devices, and have many different names depending on manufacturer). They consists of many (100 to >1000) small APD in a typical area of order 1 mm2. Each APD micropixel independently works as a photodetector operating in the Geiger mode, realizing large gain while keeping photon counting capability.

The Geiger-mode APDs have many advantages as photon detector, such as high gain with low voltage and low power consumption, large photon detection efficiency, and immunity to magnetic fields and are expected to replace photomultiplier tubes in some of applications.

In this lecture, I will start from explaining the basic operation principle of the multi-pixel Geiger mode APD. Then, I will introduce performance of currently available device, such as gain, dark noise rate, photodetection efficiency, and interpixel cross-talk, etc., with some emphasis on the relevance to the real application. The method to evaluate those key parameters will be also explained. Also discussed will be possibility of improvements of device performance, and applications to the high-energy physics, medicine, astro-particle physics and nuclear science instruments.

Slides Yokoyama-lecture2.pdf

13:45 Lunch

GEM

Medical Imaging

Nanotube Technology Detectors

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=9&resId=0&materialId=0&confId=1530

SiPM

THGEM for Single Photon Detection

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=11&resId=0&materialId=0&confId=1530

Wednesday, 2 December

Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors - MPGD applications

Use of micro-pattern detectors in physics: charged particle, neutron and photon detection; applications in medicine, biology, astrophysics.

Slides sauli.pdf

Photodetectors for Medical Imaging

Slides SNRI_talk_Pani_B.ppt

11:00 Coffee break

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM)

Detection of photon is a base of many particle/radiation detectors. The development of novel photodetector opens up a new realm of application, and possibly leads to new discoveries.

In the past few years, rapid progress was seen in the development of multi-pixel avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operated in the Geiger mode (commonly known as "silicon PM" devices, and have many different names depending on manufacturer). They consists of many (100 to >1000) small APD in a typical area of order 1 mm2. Each APD micropixel independently works as a photodetector operating in the Geiger mode, realizing large gain while keeping photon counting capability.

The Geiger-mode APDs have many advantages as photon detector, such as high gain with low voltage and low power consumption, large photon detection efficiency, and immunity to magnetic fields and are expected to replace photomultiplier tubes in some of applications.

In this lecture, I will start from explaining the basic operation principle of the multi-pixel Geiger mode APD. Then, I will introduce performance of currently available device, such as gain, dark noise rate, photodetection efficiency, and interpixel cross-talk, etc., with some emphasis on the relevance to the real application. The method to evaluate those key parameters will be also explained. Also discussed will be possibility of improvements of device performance, and applications to the high-energy physics, medicine, astro-particle physics and nuclear science instruments.

slides Yokoyama-lecture3.pdf

Super-B Particle Identification System (PID) - basic design concepts

We will discuss principles of Cherenkov ring imaging using DIRC- like and Aerogel RICH detectors and compare them to TOF and dE/dx PID techniques. <br<We will discuss various imaging concepts, including a pin hole and a focusing method.
We discuss details of a photon propagation in the refractive media, such as quartz, including a calculation of the time-of-propagation (TOP) and its spread due to chromaticity.
We then discuss expected No, and expected Cherenkov ring resolution and a final PID capability.

slides Vavra_lecture_I.pdf

13:30 Lunch

GEM

Medical Imaging

Nanotube Technology Detectors

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=9&amp;resId=0&amp;materialId=0&amp;confId=1530

SiPM

THGEM for Single Photon Detection

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=11&amp;resId=0&amp;materialId=0&amp;confId=1530

20:00 Social Dinner

Thursday, 3 December

SuperB Particle Identification system (PID) - Photodetectors

We discuss flat panel multi-anode PMTs, micro-channel PMTs, Geiger APDs (SiPMTs), APD and other types of photodetectors.
We will discuss their performance but also problems including aging, and how to prevent it, their rate capability, and the effects of magnetic field.
We discuss various readout schemes, including pixel or strip line readout methods, the pixel charge sharing concept and its utilization to improve the resolution.
We discuss the detection efficiency, and new trends in the photocathode developments, and detector construction designs.

slides Vavra_lecture_II.pdf

Liquid Argon Detectors

slides LAr_SNRI_1.pdf

11:00 Coffee break

Monolithic pixels for innovative silicon trackers

Monolithic detectors integrating readout and detecting elements in the same piece of silicon offer significant advantages compared to hybrid solutions: detector assembly is greatly facilitated and production cost reduced, charge collection electrodes can be realized with very small capacitance values (down to a few fF!) yielding extremely favorable power-signal-to-noise performance.

Such monolithic detectors have been implemented integrating CMOS on very high resistivity substrates (1E12 cm-3), and more recently using standard CMOS imaging technologies. Both approaches have been successful and have demonstrated this good power-S/N performance. However, the former are difficult to produce in volume, and the latter have sequential readout schemes often not compatible with time-stamping requirements of high energy physics experiments, and are often very sensitive to radiation damage.

The presentation will concentrate on the design of the device and the readout circuitry of monolithic detectors, and on the perspectives of realizing such detectors in modern commercial CMOS technologies for use in future high energy physics tracking detectors. Charge collection, electric field and breakdown, the interaction between power and signal-to-noise in the analog part of the readout and issues with the digital circuitry and radiation tolerance will be covered.

slides slides.ppt

Channeling of Radiations: From Crystal Undulators to Capillary Waveguides

Interaction of different kinds of radiation in solids has been studied
since scientific community started to operate with penetrating
radiations.
Among various research branches coherent phenomena of
radiation propagation into solids, as coherent bremsstrahlung,
channeling and related effects in crystals, attract attention because
it can create a strong flux of photons in broad energy intervals,
starting from optical frequencies, via soft and hard X-ray, up to
(-frequencies.
The latter makes this research field more and more
attractive due to the importance of creating new powerful photon
sources like the next generations of synchrotrons, free-electron
lasers, Z-pinch machines, etc.
Another approach to the problem of
searching for intense radiation soources is to increase the radiation
density of existing X-ray and (-sources that can be solved by means of
novel optical elements, for instance, capillary optics. Passage of
charged particles through periodic systems and propagation of neutral
particles (photons, neutrons) in capillary systems of micron and
submicron channel sizes, even strongly different by nature, have much
in common as both can be described within the united channeling
theory.
Moreover, the use of this analogy can much simplify the
researches in both areas.

slides dabagov_1-SNRI.pdf

13:30 Lunch

GEM

Medical Imaging

Nanotube Technology Detectors

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=9&amp;resId=0&amp;materialId=0&amp;confId=1530

SiPM

THGEM for Single Photon Detection

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=11&amp;resId=0&amp;materialId=0&amp;confId=1530

Friday, 4 December

Super-B Particle Identification System (PID)

We will compare proposed Focusing DIRC (FDIRC) detector concept for the SuperB with a similar TOP detector concept intended to be used at the Belle 2.
This will include the present optics design features, mechanical designs, and electronics concepts. The comparison will also be done from point of view of expected pi/K separation as a function momentum, rate capability, types of photocathodes to be used, expected aging performance, etc.
We then discuss a possible use of the Aerogel RICH or TOF methods in the forward direction, and judge if their performance is a good match to the expected momentum range and good enough to justify the effort given the solid angle of these regions, and compare them to a dE/dx performance of drift chamber.

slides Vavra_lecture_III.pdf

Liquid Argon Detectors

slides LAr_SNRI_2.pdf

11:00 Coffee break

Monolithic Pixels for Innovative Silicon Trackers

Monolithic detectors integrating readout and detecting elements in the same piece of silicon offer significant advantages compared to hybrid solutions: detector assembly is greatly facilitated and production cost reduced, charge collection electrodes can be realized with very small capacitance values (down to a few fF!) yielding extremely favorable power-signal-to-noise performance.

Such monolithic detectors have been implemented integrating CMOS on very high resistivity substrates (1E12 cm-3), and more recently using standard CMOS imaging technologies. Both approaches have been successful and have demonstrated this good power-S/N performance. However, the former are difficult to produce in volume, and the latter have sequential readout schemes often not compatible with time-stamping requirements of high energy physics experiments, and are often very sensitive to radiation damage.

The presentation will concentrate on the design of the device and the readout circuitry of monolithic detectors, and on the perspectives of realizing such detectors in modern commercial CMOS technologies for use in future high energy physics tracking detectors. Charge collection, electric field and breakdown, the interaction between power and signal-to-noise in the analog part of the readout and issues with the digital circuitry and radiation tolerance will be covered.

slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=4&resId=0&materialId=1&confId=1530

Particle Identification by means of Channeling Radiation in High Collimated Beams

Channeling radiation is emitted whenever a charged particle crosses a crystal along the direction of a major crystal axis or plane (axial and planar channeling respectively), with the incident angle less than the critical angle defined by Lindhard. The charged particle are trapped in the potential wells originated by the crystal lattice, resulting in a strong steering effect and in the emission of coherent radiation.

The total emitted energy is proportional to γ2, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the incident particle, while the average photon energy is proportional to γ3/2. Due to its features, the channeling effect can be applied to discriminate in high energy unseparated beams between light radiating particles and heavy non radiating ones. Since a detectable channeling photon yield can be obtained from a reduced thickness crystal, the advantage of this particle identification technique is that small amounts of materials have to be disposed along the beam lines. On the other hand, since the Lindhard angle is of the order of 100 μ-rad in the 1 - 10 GeV energy region, highly collimated beams are needed.

To study this application of the channeling radiation, we have performed a beam test campaign at the CERN PS-T9 and SPS-H4 facilities using a 500μm thick <110> silicon crystal. A NaI calorimeter has been used to detect the channeling γ-rays produced in the crystal. The electron (positron) – pion identification performance has been studied. The preliminary results will be shown and the perspectives will be discussed.

slides MazziottaLNF09.pdf

13:30 Lunch

GEM

Medical Imaging

Nanotube Technology Detectors

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=9&amp;resId=0&amp;materialId=0&amp;confId=1530

SiPM

THGEM for Single Photon Detection

Slides http://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?sessionId=11&amp;resId=0&amp;materialId=0&amp;confId=1530

17:30 Farewell Party