During the design of the silicon plane calorimeter of the TS93 balloon experiment, we realized that a detector consisting of silicon planes interspersed with converter planes would be an excellent gamma ray detector. We therefore designed the GILDA experiment which would be the starting point for the AGILE and Fermi experiments. During the talk, I will therefore describe the birth of gamma...
In the year 2024, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is celebrating its 16th year of operation. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) is the main instrument onboard the Fermi satellite and is designed to be sensitive to gamma rays in the energy range from about 20 MeV up to the TeV regime. From its launch, the LAT has collected more than 4.53 billion photon events, providing crucial information to...
The “CTA+” is a research program proposed by INAF, INFN, and Italian universities, in the context of the Italian Resilience and Recovery Plan (PNRR). The program, led by INAF, is aimed at enhancement of the Southern Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO-S) site to be constructed at Paranal, Chile. The approved and funded program has formally begun on January 1st, 2023, and must be...
The CTAO (Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory) will be the world's largest ground-based gamma-ray observatory to explore the extreme Universe, which will open to all scientific communities as a resource for data from unique, high-energy astronomical observation. Currently, the Obsevatory is entering a new phase of growth, which is flourishing in 2024 with a significant increase in personnel...
In December 2023 the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) observed the distant (z=0.997) Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) OP 313 following an alert of increased activity by the Fermi-LAT Space Telescope. Thanks to its very low energy threshold and large effective area LST-1 detected very-high-energy (VHE, E>100 GeV) emission from OP 313....
The Schwarzschild Couder Telescope (SCT) is a dual mirror medium-sized telescope proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the next-generation very-high energy (from about 20 GeV to 300 TeV) gamma-ray observatory. The innovative design of SCT consists of a dual-mirror optics and a high resolution camera with a field of view (FoV) of 8 degrees squared, which will allow...
Extragalactic surveys search for unexpected and serendipitous phenomena, resulting in sources catalogues of unvaluable scientific interest. A Very High Energy survey would be able to add data in a still mostly unknown energy band, finding crossmatches for existing X-ray sources and improving their modelling.
The purpose of this work is to understand if, among the blazars not detected by...
The magnetic spectrometer detector AMS-02 has been successfully operating since May 19th, 2011 outside of the International Space Station. More than 230 billion events have been collected by the AMS-02 instrument in 13 years of data taking. The analyses of the high-precision data collected by AMS-02 have been providing novel details and new insights on the composition, spectra, and time...
Supernova neutrinos are of considerable importance for ongoing research in astrophysics, nuclear and particle physics. Existing simulations of this complex event are increasingly sophisticated, but the accuracy with which they describe the emission is unknown. The only event observed so far with neutrino telescopes, SN1987A, still plays a crucial role and deserves to be studied meticulously....
The KM3NeT Collaboration is building two neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. One is the ARCA detector, optimised for searches for high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe and it is under construction at the Capo Passero site, Italy, 80 km offshore at a depth of 3500 m; and the other is ORCA detector, near Toulon, France, 40 km offshore at a depth of 2500 m, aimed at the study of...
The cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope (KM3NeT), currently under construction on the Mediterranean seabed, is a deep-sea infrastructure composed of two neutrino telescopes, consisting of large-scale 3D-arrays of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs).
PMTs play a fundamental role in detecting Cherenkov radiation emitted by charged particles. Their reliable performance is critical, due to their...
In recent years, the adoption of a multi-messenger methodology within astrophysics has emerged as an innovative approach for enhancing our comprehension of the high energy Universe. Neutrino telescopes are crucial for highlighting hadronic component of these phenomena, testing known sources of gamma rays.
In this contribution, we present the combined analyses of the data collected by two...
The Pierre Auger Observatory measures several characteristics of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), in particular the energies, the shower maximum depths of the air-shower profiles, and the arrival directions. Using the energy spectrum and the distributions of shower maximum depth in a combined fit, the parameters of homogeneously distributed UHECR sources can be constrained. We find that...
The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest detector for ultrahigh-energy astroparticles in the world. Located in the Argentinean pampa, it observes cosmic rays from approximately 80% of the sky, including the Galactic Center. The Observatory is sensitive to cosmic rays at energies of approximately 10 PeV up to 100 EeV, and has made significant discoveries in cosmic-ray research; for example,...
The Pierre Auger Observatory concluded its first phase of data taking after seventeen years of operation. The dataset collected by its surface and fluorescence detectors (FD and SD) provides us with the most precise estimates of the energy spectrum and mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays yet available. We present measurements of the depths of the shower maximum, the main quantity...
The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest currently running detector, that studies the extensive air showers of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In this contribution, we provide an overview of three machine-learning techniques used to improve the understanding of data measured by the surface detector of the Observatory. All of these methods use the spatial and temporal information contained in...
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid ground-based detector that measures cosmic rays above 10^17 eV with an array of 1660 water-Cherenkov detector (WCD) stations spread over 3000 km2 and overlooked by 27 fluorescence telescopes. Over the last two decades, it has significantly contributed to our understanding of cosmic rays and multi-messenger astroparticle physics. However, fundamental...
The Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astronomy (POEMMA) on a super-pressure balloon with radio (PBR) is a planned instrument designed as a successor mission of EUSO-SPB2 and a prototype for a space-based POEMMA mission. The three primary science objectives are to make the first observations of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) from above using fluorescence light measurements, to measure...
A ubiquitous feature of accreting black hole systems is their hard X-ray emission which is thought to be produced through Comptonization of soft photons by electrons and positrons (pairs) in the vicinity of the black hole. The origin and composition of this hot plasma source, known as the corona, is a matter open for debate.
In this contribution we investigate the role of relativistic protons...
This contribution describes the course “Discovering cosmic rays" for in-service high school
physics teachers, organized in the context of the Italian Plan for Resilience and Recovery
(PNRR) “CTA+” program.
Proposed as part of the OCRA (Outreach Cosmic Ray Activities) activity, the 3-day course was held at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the National Institute of Nuclear...
Direct measurements of cosmic rays are unique probes for investigating astroparticle propagation and acceleration in the Galaxy and searching for dark matter signatures. The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) has been installed on the International Space Station with the main goals of detecting electron, proton, and nuclei spectra. The detector has been continuously operating since 2015...
The HERD (High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection facility) experiment is a future experiment for the direct detection of high energy cosmic rays that will be installed on the Chinese space station in 2027. Is is constituted by an innovative calorimeter built by about 7500 LYSO scintillating crystals of side 3 cm assembled in a spheroidal shape, such that it has an homogeneous response for...
The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a continuously operated, wide field of view detector principally designed to observe astrophysical sources of gamma rays. HAWC can reliably estimate the energy and arrival direction of cosmic and gamma rays arriving from zenith angles of up to 450. As the Earth rotates over one day, HAWC observes a swath of the sky from -260 to 640 in...
Giving visibility to BVI (Blind and visually impaired) researchers is fundamental to provide valuable references and encourage young people with a disability to begin a STEM career. In this contribution I describe the objectives, methodologies and activities carried out in the framework of the outreach project "Astroaccesible", aimed at the teaching of astronomy in an inclusive way (i.e....
Neutrinos are most easily detected via their charged current scattering off nucleons. The final state will then contain electromagnetically charged particles, and is subject to QED radiative corrections. Naively power counting suggests that these effects are small, being only relevant for precision observables. In this talk I will explain why this is not the case, and how final state radiation...
Interactions of high-energy protons and nuclei in the Galaxy contribute to the gamma-ray and neutrino signals from the sky in the TeV-PeV energy range. I will review recent results on the search of neutrinos from the Milky Way in this energy range with IceCube and ANTARES telescopes, including recently reported evidence for the overall diffuse emission from the interstellar medium and...
Tau neutrinos are the least known of the active neutrinos. As such, by studying them even far from the precision regime, we stand to gain new insight into their properties and their sources. Doing so endows us with novel probes of fundamental physics and astrophysics that are particularly valuable at high, barely trodden energies. Because tau neutrinos are hard to make and detect, they remain...
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory consists of a cubic kilometer of clear, Antarctic ice instrumented with light-detecting optical modules. These modules detect light produced by charged by-products of neutrino interactions, allowing IceCube to study neutrinos with energies between a few GeV and several PeV. This enables a broad science program, including studies of fundamental neutrino physics;...
The KM3NeT collaboration is building two underwater neutrino detectors in the
Mediterranean: the ARCA (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) and
ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) detectors.
ARCA is located off the Sicilian coast of Capo Passero and aims to detect and
identify astrophysical neutrino sources. The ORCA detector, located off the French
coast of...
The detection capabilities of Cherenkov telescopes for observing signals generated by upward-moving extensive air showers (EASs), caused by earth-skimming neutrinos and high-energy cosmic rays, will be examined. We will delve into two detection frameworks: sub-orbital instruments (such as balloon-borne) and low Earth orbit satellites, with a particular emphasis on the Terzina instrument aboard...
With the detection of a diffuse extragalactic neutrino flux and the first compelling evidence for associated sources, IceCube has opened up a new era for high-energy neutrino astronomy. Leveraging on these exciting discoveries made by IceCube, several proposals are under way across the globe to either upgrade existing detectors or build new ones. To definitively unveil the origin of high...
Ultra-High-Energy Neutrinos are expected to be produced both by point-like sources and by the interaction of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) with background photons. The Pierre Auger Observatory has the potential to detect such neutrinos with its Surface Detector (SD) array. Its capability to distinguish between cosmic ray and neutrino-induced showers is particularly high for inclined...
Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos, with energies above 100 PeV, are
unparalleled probes of the most energetic astrophysical sources and weak interactions at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. GRAND is an envisioned observatory of UHE particles -neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gamma rays - consisting of 200,000 radio antennas deployed in sub-arrays at different locations worldwide....
The two observatories with largest effective areas in the world, Pierre
Auger and Telescope Array have been contiuosly operating for more than
20 years gathering an impressive statistics on cosmic rays with energies
up to above 10^20 eV. I will review the major achievements from these
two Observatoires, with a focus on the similitude between their measurements, in the same time...
A dipole anisotropy in the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) arrival directions, of extragalactic origin, is now firmly established at energies >8 EeV. Furthermore, the UHECR angular power spectrum shows no power at smaller angular scales than the dipole, apart from hints of possible individual hot or warm spots for energy thresholds ≳40 EeV. We model the extragalactic source distribution...
The presence of hadronic sub-showers in vertical extensive air showers produces non-uniformities in the azimuthal distribution of secondary particle densities at ground.
At a fixed distance from the shower axis, these non-uniformities are more pronounced in the case of showers induced by protons compared to those induced by iron nuclei, primarily due to larger fluctuations in the heights of...
The majority of the mass of the universe is composed of Dark Matter (DM),
whose unknown nature has to be determined via expansions of the standard model of particle physics (SM). A class of candidates frequently taken into account are Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMPs): stable and massive particles coupled with SM via weak interaction. According to different models, WIMPs may...
Since 2019, three scintillator-based cosmic ray telescopes, readout by SiPM and controlled by low-cost electronics, are installed in the scientific research site in Ny Ålesund (Svalbard) at 79°N, recording muons from secondary cosmic rays. The detectors are part of the EEE project, involving almost 100 secondary schools in Italy.
After collecting nearly 5 years of data, we were able to...
The possible presence of low energy anti-deuterons in cosmic rays is a golden channel to test the antimatter asymmetry in the Universe or to identify annihilating Dark Matter particles in the galactic halo.
The “PHeSCAMI” (Pressurized Helium Scintillating Calorimeter for AntiMatter Identification) project is aiming to study a new signature for the identification of anti-deuteron and...
Water Cherenkov detectors are playing a central role in neutrino physics, gamma-ray astronomy, and cosmic-ray research. These detectors usually rely on the use of large area photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect Cherenkov radiation emitted by particles moving faster than the speed of light in water. Recent studies suggest that using multiple small area PMTs in a compact structure enhances...
The Pierre Auger Observatory has a public data policy following the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). We aim to share the data with the scientific community as part of the multi-messenger effort at different levels and for educational activities to engage the general public. Following the first portal created in 2007, a new portal hosted at...
Extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are a unique opportunity to probe hadronic interactions in energy and phase-space regions out of the reach of man-made accelerators. The Pierre Auger Observatory, now entering its Phase II with the AugerPrime upgrade, is a multi-hybrid detector capable of extracting numerous shower observables. These observables directly probe...
Diffusion tensor coefficients play a central role in describing cosmic-ray transport in various astrophysical environments permeated with magnetic fields, which are usually modeled as a fluctuating field on top of a mean field. In this article, a formal derivation of these coefficients is presented by means of the calculation of velocity decorrelation functions of particles. It relies mainly...
The modulation of low-energy cosmic rays reflects interplanetary magnetic field variations and can provide information on solar activity in the past. The secondary particles, which originate from the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere, can be revealed by an array of ground detectors. In this study, we present the investigation of the low-threshold rate (scaler) time series recorded...
Since February 2018, the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) has been studying the wide plethora of galactic, solar and trapped particles along the Sun-synchronous and low-Earth orbit of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). Entirely designed and built in Italy, this light and compact payload is equipped with a silicon tracking system, a segmented plastic scintillator plane...
Cosmic rays are the most energetic particles in the local Universe as they are known to reach energies above few Joules. How and where they are produced have been a science puzzle for several decades now, whose solution has been driving the rising of multi-messenger astrophysics as well as novel theoretical approaches. Of particular interest is the energy range below ~PeV as we expect that...
The Extreme Energy Events project is an educational and scientific initiative lead by the Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi (CREF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), two research institutes under the control of the Italian Ministero dell’Universita’ e Ricerca ( MUR). The EEE project studies cosmic rays by means of a series of detectors ( 60 )...
For many observatories recording high-energy cosmic rays, gamma rays, or neutrinos, the Earth’s atmosphere is either an integral part or at least a considerable aspect of the detector setup. Several aspects of the influence of the atmosphere and its variability on the development of the observed particle cascades and the signal detected from them will be discussed. Also some atmospheric...
Algorithms based on machine learning have been extraordinarily successful across many domains, including computer vision, machine translation, engineering, and science.
Moreover, in the field of physics, the importance of machine learning is growing fast, driven by the necessity for precise and efficient algorithms that can effectively handle vast amounts of complex and high-dimensional...
The Southern Wide-Field Gamma-Ray Observatory (SWGO) observatory will use water Cherenkov detector (WCD) technology to construct a large-area, high-altitude observatory to measure the energy and arrival direction of gamma and cosmic rays. The proposed observatory will have a sensitive area of approximately 0.3 km2 with possible extensions to 1 km2 and be located at a high altitude (>4400m)...
The National Research Centre (CN) for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, managed by the ICSC Foundation, has been founded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan as part of the Education and Research Mission. The CN includes an Infrastructure Spoke (Spoke 0) plus 10 thematic Spokes and, besides building a world-class supercomputing cloud infrastructure, its...
Angela D.V. Di Virgilio for the GINGER collaboration
Measurements of the Earth's rotation speed made with laser gyroscopes, otherwise known as ring lasers, certainly important for the Earth sciences, are also relevant for fundamental physics tests, as they contain terms of general relativity, such as de Sitter and Lense Thirring and provide unique data to investigate Lorentz's violations....
Gammapy is a community-driven open-source Python package to analyse very high-energy gamma-ray astronomical data. Created in 2014, it has since expanded to support analysis methods in multiwavelength and multimessenger astrophysics. Currently, in version 1.2, Gammapy is utilized by various instruments like HESS, VERITAS, HAWC, and Fermi-LAT, and tested with X-ray and neutrino data, and is the...
The NUSES space mission is a novel project designed to explore cosmic and gamma rays, high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, the Sun-Earth environment, space weather and magnetosphere-ionosphere-lithosphere coupling (MILC).
Additionally, NUSES aims to pave the way for future missions by testing innovative technologies and observational strategies.
The satellite will house two payloads known...
The Antarctic Demonstrator for the Advanced Particle-astrophysics Telescope (ADAPT) is a suborbital mission designed to detect MeV to GeV gamma rays. The instrument consists of four layers of a scintillating fiber tracker plus an active converter tracker made of CsI scintillating crystals read out by wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers. Both scintillating and WLS fiber signals will be detected...
Aligning a beam of electrons/photons with the crystallographic axes or planes of a crystal within a some mrad enhances the probability of bremsstrahlung/pair production. This reduces the radiation length, X0, and consequently the electromagnetic shower extent, as recently demonstrated by our team for tungsten [1] and high-Z scintillator (PWO) crystals [2].
We present the possibility of...
In the field of multi-messenger astronomy, the China National Space Administration started a program to study the lithosphere - atmosphere - ionosphere coupling mechanism. The project aims to realize a constellation of satellites to unveil the time correlation between the main earthquake shocks and an increase in the electron flux in the inner Van Allen belt.
For this purpose, a second CSES...
The complementary information carried by photons, gravitational waves, neutrinos and cosmic rays about individual cosmic sources and source populations provides a very powerful tool for studying the properties of the Universe. In the extreme energy regime, above $10^{17}$ eV, the Pierre Auger Observatory plays a central role in multimessenger astronomy, thanks to its ability to distinguish...
The generic unification model to account for the observed neutrinos with energies greater than ~ 100 TeV and UHECRs we had constructed can evaluate whether a given astronomical object class is qualified as the common origin of UHECRs and neutrinos. In this talk, we discuss which objects among the known astronomical class meet the criteria for UHECR accelerators in the unified UHE particle...
In 2013, the IceCube collaboration announced the detection of a diffuse high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux. The origin of this flux is still largely unknown. The most significant individual source is the close-by Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 at 4.2-sigma level with a soft spectral index. To identify sources based on their counterpart, IceCube releases realtime alerts corresponding to neutrinos...
High energy γ-ray observations are an essential probe of cosmic-ray acceleration mechanisms. The detection of the highest energy γ rays and the shortest timescales of variability are the key to improve our understanding of the acceleration processes and the environment of the cosmic accelerators. The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) experiment is a large field-of-view, multi-TeV, γ-ray...
The SWGO collaboration is proposing the construction of a wide field of view observatory to explore the Southern hemisphere sky in the 100 GeV-1 PeV energy range. Nowadays only the HAWC and LHAASO experiments operate with these characteristics, both are in the Northern hemisphere, while the Southern hemisphere sky is not covered by such an observatory. The array will be located in a site at...
The International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA) plays a pivotal role in advancing the FAIR principles within the domain of astrophysics, ensuring that scientific data is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR). The IVOA establishes standardized models for data and metadata, and data access protocols. Using Virtual Observatory (VO) compatible tools, it enables seamless...
The CSES-Limadou collaboration, responsible for the development and operation of High Energy Particle Detectors (HEPD) aboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellites (CSES), has significantly propelled the study of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). Initially, utilizing the HEPD-01 detector onboard CSES-01, our collaboration published findings on five GRB events, revealing the instrument's...
The gamma-ray blazars B2 1811+31 and GB6 J1058+2817 exhibited strong flaring activity in 2020 and 2021, respectively. These high states were observed by the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in the high-energy gamma-ray band (HE, 100 MeV < E < 100 GeV), triggering observations in the very-high-energy gamma-ray band (VHE, E > 100GeV) with the MAGIC telescopes, in...
The first interactions of photon-induced showers are of electromagnetic nature, and the transfer of energy to the hadron/muon channel is reduced with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced showers. This results in a lower number of secondary muons. Additionally, as the development of photon showers is delayed by the typically small multiplicity of electromagnetic interactions, their maximum of...
Although based upon a well established theory, gravitational wave detection was seen as an exotic research. Nowadays, observational astrophysics is strongly dependent on the technology advancements meant to further improve the sensitivity of present detectors.
The path that drove to the present scenario and the overall perspective
about the main features of the various detectors, including...
In January 2025, the European Space Agency (ESA) adopted the Laser Interferometry Space Antenna (LISA) to be implemented as the second "Large Mission" of the Cosmic Vision program, with a target launch date of 2035. LISA aims to create an orbiting observatory for gravitational waves, opening the astrophysically rich band from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. It will use laser interferometry to measure the...
The detection of Gravitational Waves (GWs) opened a new window on the Universe. The combined observation of GW and electromagnetic signals from astrophysical phenomena in 2017 signed the beginning of the Multi-messenger Astronomy.
While LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaborations keep on detect GWs, a new generation of GW observatories is under preparation and will take over in the next decade, allowing...
For over three decades, extragalactic high-energy transients were divided into two main classes: long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the core-collapse of massive stars, and short duration GRBs from the coalescence of two compact objects. This common notion was confirmed by the ground-breaking discovery of the gravitational wave transient GW170817, which provided direct and unambiguous...
Starting with the first detection of gravitational waves (GWs) in September 2015, a total of 90 compact binary coalescences have been identified during the first three observing runs of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) collaboration, including mergers between black holes (BHs), neutron stars (NSs) and mixed NS-BHs. These GW observations allowed us to infer some properties of the NS and BH...
Gravitational wave science exerts on the general public the fascination of Astronomy and, at the same time, stimulates the curiosity of fundamental physics. Probably also for this reason, it enjoys considerable popularity: discoveries and results, concerning this field of research, are often in the limelight of global communication.
This popularity offers a range of unprecedented...
Super-Kamiokande is a 50-kton Cherenkov water detector currently
operating in Japan, primarily aimed at the study and detection of
neutrinos. Many efforts are being made to detect neutrinos from
astrophysical origin, especially in the context of multi-messenger
astronomy. In this contribution, the development of an online follow-up
system for gravitational waves detected during the...
Corsika 8 is a framework/toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter with a focus on applications in the context of astroparticle physics.
It provides a wide range of functionality including tracking, geometry, various media and many (external) models for different types of particle interactions and physics processes.
Processes that are currently included are...
The Earth atmosphere is constantly reached by cosmic rays, energetic and subatomic particles coming from all directions. A muon telescope is hosted in the Legnaro National Laboratories (LNL) of the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN). This instrument is used to introduce the students to research activities in the field of particle physics. In particular, during the...
MUCH (MUography CHerenkov) is a project that aims to carry out non-invasive radiography and tomography of large tectonic and geological structures. This multidisciplinary project is an evolution of the ASTRI (Astrofisica con Specchi a Tecnologia Replicante Italiana) concept and represents an innovative application of modern astronomy technologies, leaded by the Italian National Institute for...
Cosmic Rays (CR) inside the Heliosphere are subject to the effects of the Solar Modulation, resulting from their interaction with the solar wind and with the interplanetary magnetic field. These effects are strongly related to the solar activity and lead to a temporal variation of the cosmic ray intensity near Earth for rigidities up to few tens of GV.
In this contribution, properties of...
