The CMS experiment collected 160fb^-1 of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s)=13TeV during the Run-2 data taking period. Successful data taking at increasing instantaneous luminosities with the evolving detector configuration was a big achievement of the collaboration. The CMS RPC system provided redundant information for the robust muon triggering, reconstruction and identification. To...
Resistive Plate Chambers are used in the ATLAS experiment and provide the muon trigger and two coordinate measurements in the barrel region |n|<1.05
In preparation for the coming years of LHC running at higher luminosity, besides the New Small Wheel project which is expected to complement the ATLAS Muon spectrometer in the end-cap regions, a smaller size project, known as BIS78, is being...
The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider utilises a trigger system consisting of a first level hardware trigger and a higher level software trigger. The Level-1 muon trigger system selects muon candidates with six transverse momentum thresholds and associate them with a correct LHC bunch crossing. The Level-1 Muon Barrel Trigger uses Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) detectors to...
The ATLAS Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detector is a tracking trigger, used to primarily select high momentum muons in the ATLAS barrel region (|\eta|<1.05) at the 40 MHz collision rate, and to provide muons azimuthal coordinates. The RPC system consists of about 3700 gas volumes covering a sensitive surface of about 4000 m^2. It is arranged in three concentric double layers distributed on a...
Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely employed in the muon trigger systems of three experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). They are operated with gas mixture recirculation systems to reduce operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions since their gas mixture is based on C2H2F4, which has a high global warning potential. It is well known that the C2H2F4 molecule can...
Searches for new and elusive physics phenomena with present and future HEP experiments will require increasingly performant techniques, for the ability to detect high particle fluxes with high granularity and space-time resolution.
The present upgrade effort of the HL-LHC programme offers solid ground and use-cases to develop such techniques. In the case of classic large area RPCs,...
In order to provide particle identification (PID) of charged hadrons at the future high-rate Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment the TOF group has developed a large-area Time-of-Flight (ToF) wall equipped with high rate capable Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC). Prior to its destined operation at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) - starting in 2025 - this...
SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles) is a new general-purpose experiment [1] to be installed in a beam dump facility at the SPS at CERN to search for hidden particles as predicted by a very large number of recently elaborated models of Hidden Sectors which are capable of accommodating dark matter, neutrino oscillations, and the origin of the full baryon asymmetry in the Universe.
The SHiP...
Resistive Plate Chambers RPCs detectors are mainly used in particle accelerators due to its fast response and high time resolution. In the past few years some research groups all over the world are exploring the application of RPCs in secondary cosmic ray CR detection.
The present work reviews relevant literature available about the application of RPCs as CR detectors and summarizes the main...
The MATHUSLA detector to be installed on the surface above and somewhat displaced from the CMS interaction point (IP) will cover an area of 100X100 sq. meter containing many layers of scintillators planes to establish the space and time coordinates of charged particle tracks. This is an unprecedented detector in terms of size and continuous sensitivity over an area of 104m. This talk describes...
The goal of the present research is to achieve functionally improved trigger RPCs with a two-dimensional strip readout method whose intrinsic time resolution is better than 500 ps. In the present research, we constructed single-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0 mm using phenolic high pressurized laminate (HPL). The detector performances was examined for cosmic muons using a...
A large number of thin gap RPCs with new type of electronics board will be installed in the ATLAS BI region during the Phase-II Upgrade. A new double-end readout method is proposed. In precondition of satisfying the upgrade performance requirement, this method will potentially reduce the detector thickness, the dead area between units and save the electronics channels. With the signals read...
The multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) has been used in many high energy physics and nuclear experiments in the last decade, such as ALICE and STAR. The MRPC usually works in the condition where the particle flux is under1 kHz/cm^2, so normal commercial glass (ρ≈〖10〗^12 Ω.cm) can be used. But with the increasing of beam energy and final state particles, the rate capability of MRPC has to...
The CSR (Cooler Storage Ring) External-target Experiment (CEE), located at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), is designed for the physical purpose of approaching the critical point from the hadronic phase side in Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) phase diagram. In addition, it is also expected to offer a probe for study on the density dependence of symmetry energy, and for...
This work is devoted on the recent work on precise investigation of gas parameters in the realistic Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors. A laser test facility is assembled in Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf. UV laser pulses of 257 nm wavelength are generated and focused into the gas gap of detector prototypes to ignite primary electrons by Multi-photon Ionization process. As the...
The ALICE muon trigger (MTR) system consists of 72 Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors arranged in two stations, each composed of two planes with 18 RPCs per plane. The detectors are operated in maxi-avalanche mode using a mixture of 89.7% $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, 10% $i-C_{4}H_{10}$, 0.3% $SF_{6}$. A number of detector performance indicators, such as efficiency, dark current and dark counting...
The Extreme Energy Events (EEE) Project employs Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) detectors for studying the secondary cosmic ray muons in Extensive Air Showers. The array is made up by ~60 tracking detectors, sparse on Italian territory and CERN. Each EEE telescope consists of 3 layers of MRPCs with an active area of 158 x 82 cm^2, operated in avalanche mode. The MRPCs are fluxed in...
The Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) is now the timing device of choice especially when
large area coverage is required. In this presentation I will cover the factors that are important to
generate excellent timing. Related to this is the growth of the avalanche within the gas gap:
measurements of the total charge observed in the MRPC will be presented. Front-end electronics
plays...
The Extreme Energy Events (EEE) experiment, dedicated to the study of secondary cosmic rays, is arguably the largest detector system in the world implemented by Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers. The EEE network consists of 60 telescopes, each made by three MRPCs, distributed over all the Italian territory and allows to reconstruct the trajectory of cosmic muons with high efficiency and...
During the LHC Run-I (2010-2013) and Run-II (2015-2018), the selection of interesting events for muon physics in ALICE was performed by a dedicated muon trigger system, based on 72 single-gap bakelite Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), operated in maxi-avalanche mode (ADULT front-end electronics without amplification and a threshold of 7 mV).
From Run-III (starting in 2021) on, in order to...
In 2018-2019 a latitudinal survey of the rate of cosmic rays at sea level was performed by the TRISTAN detector, an autonomous system composed by three planes of RPCs (120x150 cm²). The detector made a two-way journey on board of the Spanish Sarmiento de Gamboa vessel between Vigo (Spain) and Punta Arenas (Chile), measuring continually the cosmic ray rate throughout the Atlantic crossing. In...
The CMS experiment implements a two-level triggering system composed of Level-1, instrumented by custom-design hardware boards, and a software High Level Trigger. To cope with the more challenging luminosity conditions, a new Level-1 architecture has been deployed during run II. This new architecture exploits in a better way the redundancy and complementarity of the three muon subsystems:...
Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) with an excellent time accuracy in the range of sub-nanoseconds are often used as time-of-flight detector. For the Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment (CBM) at GSI/FAIR, MRPCs are required to work in the CBM-TOF-wall at particle fluxes on the order of 1-10 kHz/cm2 for the outer region and 10-25 kHz/cm2 for the central region. The high bulk resistivity...
The intrinsic rate capability and the ageing properties of the Resistive Plate Chambers are closely related to the electrodes material and to the front-end electronics threshold. Thanks to the development of a low noise pre-amplifier, the intrinsic rate capability of High Pressure Laminate (bakelite) RPC has been improved up to $\sim10\;kHz/cm^2$, nevertheless the effective rate capability is...
At LIP-Coimbra and in collaboration with the TUM-FRMII and ESS detector groups, we have been refining the concept of a novel type of position-sensitive neutron detector (PSND) based on resistive plate chambers with 10B4C layers (10B-RPCs) as neutron converters. Our studies performed in the frame of SINE2020 (EU project 654000) have successfully proven the...
The advent of thin-gap RPCs with 1 mm gas gaps instead of 2 mm in the present RPCs opened the possibility to instrument the inner barrel layer of the ATLAS muon spectrometer where there is very limited amount of space in radial direction from the beam line. The environment is particularly dense in the barrel end-cap transition region. A compact mechanical structure coping with the expected...
The future Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research (FAIR), currently in construction in Darmstadt, Germany, is one of the largest research projects world wide. The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is one of the main pillars at FAIR, studying the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram at high baryon densities with unprecedented interaction rate in heavy ion collisions up to 10...
During the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the instantaneous luminosity would be increased to $5 \times 10^{34}cm^{−2}s^{−1}$ delivering integrated luminosity of 3000 $fb^{-1}$ over 10 years of operation starting from 2026. In view of HL-LHC, CMS muon system will be upgraded to sustain efficient muon triggering and reconstruction performance. Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) are served as...
The present RPC trigger system in the ATLAS muon barrel was designed according to a reference luminosity of 10^34 cm-2 s-1 with a safety factor of 5, with respect to the simulated background rates, corresponding to about 300 fb-1 integrated luminosity. HL-LHC will reach a 7.5 times higher luminosity, and correspondingly higher rate, an expected integrated luminosity of 5000 fb-1 and a total...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) have shown stable operation at the Large Hadron Collider and satisfactory efficiency for the entire Run 1 (2010--2013) and Run 2 (2015--2018) with C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$-based gas mixtures and the addition of SF$_{6}$ and i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$. However, C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ and SF$_{6}$ are greenhouse gases with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP): in particular,...
Resistive Plate Chambers are the gaseous detectors having gas as a sensitive medium for the detection of charged particles. Glass based resistive plate chambers of size 2m X 2m operated in avalanche mode will be used as an active detector element at INO-ICAL experiment. To fulfil the physics goal, about 29,000 RPCs will be used for 20 long years. A large amount of gas mixture is to be...
In the next years, during the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) program, the instantaneous luminosity will increase up to 5x10^34 cm-2 s-1 which means factor five more than the nominal LHC luminosity. During this period the present CMS Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) system will be subjected to high background rates and operating conditions much harder with respect those for which the detectors have...
Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) is a well-preformed gasous detector with good efficiency, high position and time resolution and low cost. In the recent years, muon tomography has attracted much attention due to its possible application to detect high Z materials. Precise measurements of the incident and outgoing angles of the cosmic muons are mandatory in this application. Large size...
Multi-gap resistive chamber (MRPC) has been well-known for its extremely high time resolution, and therefore, it has been chosen by Jefferson Lab to constitute the Time-of-Flight system in the Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID). In this experiment, the requirement for the time resolution of MRPC detectors is around 20 ps, which far exceeds the typical time resolution (50~70 ps) that can...
Monitoring the RPC current stability proves to be a tedious work in CMS experiment where one needs to deals with more than a thousand individual high voltage (HV) channels. The current depends from several parameters (applied voltage, luminosity, environmental parameters, etc.) and sometime it's not obvious if it changes due to variation of the external parameters or if it's due to a chamber...
RPC Signal attenuation and dispersion are interesting topics and become more concerned since thin-gap RPC got popular and new readout methods proposed. Theoretical calculation indicates that attenuation and dispersion exist while signals propagating along the readout strips and both are relating to the surface resistivity of graphite layer and the propagation distance. In simulation we found...
The proposed Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector will use approximately 29,000 glass-based Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as sensitive detector elements. A huge 3.7 million electronic channels would be required to read out the full detector. For such a large scale experiment, an optional multichannel front-end ASIC designated as HARDROC has been tested and commissioned with a prototype RPC...
The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) increases the rate of luminosity in proportion to the rate of the collisions occurring instantaneously. The HL-LHC produces more data and reveals the rare physical events for the purpose of examination. These features of the HL-LHC sets the high-speed transfer of the fast-incoming data to the next layer. The development of the FPGA technology...
The reduction of the average charge per count in the gas along with the capability to discriminate very small avalanche signals, can allow an efficient and long-term Resistive Plate Chamber detector operation, in high radiation background environment. This goal has been reached during the R&D program of the BIS78 ATLAS upgrade project, through the deep integration of a fast (100 ps peaking...
As part of the CMS Phase-II program, new Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) will be installed in the forward region. High background conditions are expected in this region during the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), therefore an improved RPC design has been proposed with a new front-end electronics to sustain a higher rate capability and better time resolution. A mixed...
Muon Scattering Tomography (MST) requires tracking detectors with fairly good spatial resolution in order to identify the material contents of the target object from its reconstructed image. A prototype MST set up is being fabricated at SINP using RPC as the muon trackers. Six Bakelite RPCs have been fabricated with pick-up panels equipped with copper strips of width 1 cm to populate the...
A new generation of RPC chambers capable to withstand high particle fluxes (up to 2000 Hz/cm2) and instrumented with a precise timing readout electronics is proposed to equip two of the four high eta stations of the CMS muon system. Doublet RPC detectors each made of two 1.4 mm HPL electrodes and separated by a gas gap of the same thickness are proposed. The new scheme reduces the amount of...
Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used at the CERN LHC experiments as muon trigger thanks to their excellent time resolution. They are operated with a gas mixture containing $C_2 H_2 F_4$ and $SF_6$, both greenhouse gases (GHG) with a very high global warming potential (GWP). The search of new environmentally friendly gas mixtures is necessary to reduce GHG emissions and costs...
Present RPC Standard Mixture $C_2 H_2 F_4/ C_4 H_10/SF6$=94,7/5/0.3 has an high Global Warming Potential which requires searching for more eco friendly gases. In this work we present results of several tests performed with different gas mixture having HFO as the main component. The RPC performance in terms of efficiency, charge and time resolution will be presented. We tried also to...
The carbon footprint is of main importance for the sustainability of man kind. We must all want to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, and gas radiation detectors should not be a privileged island. Many efforts have been done during the last years in our community: searching for new ECO-friendly gases; implementing recovery and/or re-circulation systems; improvements in detector...
The large RPC systems at the CERN-LHC experiments are operated with a gas mixture containing C2H2F4 (R134a), SF6 and iC4H10. The first two gasses have a very high global warming potential (GWP) and their availability, as well as price, might be subject to Fluorinated gas Regulations in the near future.
Several gas mixtures based on new environmentally friendly gases are being tested by RPC...
SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles) is a proposed experiment to be installed at CERN, exploring the high intensity beam frontier, in order to study both hidden particles and tau neutrino and antineutrino physics.
The SPS proton beam interacting with the SHiP high density target is expected to produce a large neutrino flux, with about 10^15 ντ and ̅ντ in five years (integral p.o.t. 2∙10^20). A...
An online monitor with GUI interface has been developed for ATLAS Phase I RPC mass production in BB5, CERN. It could speed up the RPC cosmic ray tests which are the QC procedures after singlets and triplets RPC assembled.
The monitor could control VME controller and TDC e.g. start or end the DAQ. During the data taking, the monitor would read the data from TDC, reconstruct the event,...
For charged hadron identification, a high-performance time-of-flight (TOF) RPC wall is being built for the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR. The Detector Control System(DCS) for CBM-TOF is designed based on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System(EPICS).
Instruments including high voltage power supply, low voltage power supply distributor and gas control...
The RPC (Resistive Plate Chamber) system at CMS detector operates successfully during Run-1 and Run-2 of the LHC program. During 2018 data taking, the instantaneous luminosity reached values of about of 2x10^34 cm⁻²s-1. During the planned HL-LHC period the instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach up to 5x10^34 cm⁻²s⁻¹ in the base scenario, and up to 7.5x10^34 cm⁻²s⁻¹ in the ultimate...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are sensitive to the passage of charged particles and represent a fast and cost-effective solution widely adopted in experiments at high-energy colliders when instrumenting large areas detectors.
In a high-radiation environment such as the ATLAS experimental area at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, where gammas and neutrons are copiously produced,...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs in the following) play a very important role as the dedicated system for muon triggering both in the barrel and in the endcap of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. It is therefore of primary importance to tune the operating voltage and the electronic threshold of the front-end boards reading the signals from these detectors in order to optimize the...
Single gap Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are one of the options for the 3rd and 4th stations of Muon Chamber (MUCH) of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at future FAIR facility. From simulation it has been predicted that there will be a particle rate of 15 kHz/cm2 and 5.6 kHz/cm2 respectively on the 3rd and 4th stations for central Au-Au collisions at 8 AGeV. To handle...
The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) has become a widely used technology for high-rate particle physics experiments like COMPASS, LHCb and are being planned to use as the readout system for the upcoming upgrade version of other experiments such as ALICE TPC.
The radiation hardness, ageing resistance and stability against discharges are the main criteria for the long-term operation of such...
The second LHC long shutdown period (LS2) is an important opportunity for CMS Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) to realize their consolidation and upgrade projects. The consolidation includes detector maintenance in terms of gas tightness, HV, LV and slow control operation. All services for the RPC Phase-II upgrade, namely RE3/1 and RE4/1, were anticipated for installation to LS2. The upgrade of...
In the CMS experiment, RPCs, which have an excellent intrinsic resolution within a few nanoseconds for double-gap chambers, are mainly used for accurate timing and fast triggering. This particularly allows for the identification of corresponding bunch crosses. However, since the data-taking chain and DAQ system record the hit time within 25 ns, the intrinsic time resolution of RPCs is thus not...
The Extreme Energy Events (EEE) Project is mainly devoted to the study of the secondary cosmic ray radiation by using muon tracker telescopes made of three Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC). The experiment is constituted by a network of MRPC telescopes mainly distributed throughout Italy, hosted in different building structures pertaining to high schools, universities and research...
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is an underground facility for studying different neutrino properties. Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) is one of the experiments, which will be housed in the facility for identification of neutrino mass hierarchy and measurement of neutrino mixing parameters. It will consist of a horizontal stack of 151 layers of iron plates interleaved with Resistive Plate...
Resistive plate chamber (RPC) is one of the state-of-the-art particle detection technology for the HEP experiments. The basic operating mechanism of an RPC involves ionization of gas due to the passage of charged particles, electron transport , avalanche, and subsequent electromagnetic induction on readout strips due to the movement of the electrons and ions. Especially during streamer...
ABSTRACT: Since 2008, Tsinghua University has been developing Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) for the muon tomography. In 2012, we setup TUMUTY (Tsinghua University cosmic ray Muon tomography facility) based on MRPC and got some reconstruction imaging results. The RPC-type detector developed for position resolution started in 2003. T. Francke built the first position resolution RPC...
Cosmic ray muons are created by high energy primary cosmic radiations, mostly made of protons when striking the Earth's atmosphere. Besides the common use of secondary cosmic rays in nuclear and elementary particle physics for detector testing and calibration and for the alignment of detectors in the very complex apparata used in this field, cosmic muons have also been considered since several...
Imaging techniques that use atmospheric muons, collectively named under the neologism "muography", have seen a tremendous growth in recent times, mainly due to their diverse range of applications. The most well-known ones include but are not limited to: volcanology, archaeology, civil engineering, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground mapping, etc. These...
The Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) is a parallel plate, gaseous detector with a wide range of applications in physics experiments at e.g. the CERN LHC collider and future, beyond LHC facilities.
In order to operate the detector in avalanche mode, the standard RPC gas mixture is based on C2H2F4, which is characterized by a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) and therefore considered greenhouse...
