Upper and lower graphite divertors in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST tokamak) were replaced by tungsten divertors in 2014 and 2021, respectively. And boronization was performed in EAST to improve plasma performance in long pulse discharges and accumulate experiences for ITER operation with tungsten wall. Therefore, studies on the behavior of tungsten and boron and other...
An autoencoder (AE) is an unsupervised artificial neural network used to learn data patterns. By compressing data, an input signal is encoded into latent space variables and then decoded to reconstruct the input from these variables. This compression process, a form of dimensionality reduction, retains only the intrinsic characteristics of the signal, excluding non-descriptive elements. This...
The well-known physical properties of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamonds have made them highly attractive for use as detectors in harsh environments characterized by high irradiation levels, such as those found in fusion machines [1]. Notably, their good radiation hardness, visible wavelength blindness, high carriersโ mobility, and high signal-to-noise ratio make diamond a promising...
Interferometric and polarimetric diagnostics are traditionally exploited in plasma experiments, and, in particular, in magnetically confined fusion experiments, to determine plasma electron density and to give valuable information on the internal magnetic fields, respectively [1]. These information enter into the evaluation of the plasma magnetic equilibrium and in particular into the...
Thin diamond detectors have proven to be excellent diagnostic tools for plasma diagnostic in a tokamak machine for the detection of soft X (SX) and UV radiation [1]. Furthermore, thanks to the excellent physical properties of diamond, i.e. wide band-gap, fast response time and radiation hardness, diamond detectors are among the alternative diagnostic tools in the next generation fusion...
Nuclear fusion offers the potential for an almost limitless and clean energy source.
Achieving controlled fusion necessitates the confinement of hot plasmas within devices
called tokamaks, which use magnetic fields for this purpose. Accurate measurement of
total radiation and impurities in these plasmas is crucial for optimizing performance and
ensuring safety.
Bolometers, which provide...
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is prepared by single step laser writing processes on many carbonaceous material [1]. By Raman spectroscopy it is observed that the laser scribing on a polymeric material with hexagonal structure, such as polyimmide (Kapton), induces a breaking of C-O, C=O and C-N bonds, with consequent rearrengement of carbon atoms to form a graphene structure. Depending on the...
New X-ray spectra of tungsten have been observed using the X-ray Crystal Spectrometer (XCS) on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The wavelength of these new x-ray spectra ranges from 3.895 ร to 3.986 ร . It is tentatively determined that the unidentified spectra measured by X-ray crystal spectrometer in EAST are emitted from W43+, W44+ and W45+ [1]. However, there is no...
One of the milestones to be achieved in the design of the bolometric diagnostics for the new Italian Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) project [1] is the estimation of the radiated power for the start of the operation, i.e the so called Phase 1. Such an achievement has several implications, ranging from the scientific analysis and planning of the discharges between shots to the feedback protection...
High electron temperature(Te) is an important parameter for future fusion reactors. Among the most common techniques used to evaluate Te are incoherent Thomson scattering (TS) and electron cyclotron emission (ECE). Due to the different diagnostic application conditions brought by different measurement principles and certain limitations of technology, it is difficult to maintain absolute...
Imaging optics for plasma diagnostics in fusion experiments are challenging systems, since they have to face extreme heat and radiation fluxes. These problems can be partially addressed by means of reflective systems, which are easier to cool and less sensitive to radiation damage. On the other hand, reflective systems tend to be bulkier because on their intrinsic folding, and less suited for...
In the European roadmap towards nuclear fusion, the new Italian project DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test) [1], currently under construction at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre, aims at exploring alternative solutions for the divertor and optimizing the divertor configuration foreseen for DEMO.
A dedicated set of diagnostics are planned to measure the radiated power by integrated emission detection...
The SPARC_LAB facility at the INFN laboratory in Frascati is being upgraded to accommodate a new user facility as part of the SABINA (Source of Advanced Beam Imaging for Novel Applications) project. The SPARC laboratory was set up to investigate the feasibility of an ultra-brilliant photoinjector and to perform FEL experiments. Over the years, upgrades, additional beamlines, and experiments...
One consolidated technique for the treatment of cancer is Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT). With this technique, radionuclides are attached to a specific drug that is able to bring them to the target tumor site [1]. The ISOLPHARM project is currently developing a radiopharmaceutical for TRT based on Ag-111, an innovative radionuclide [2] [3]. Ag-111 has a half-life of 7.45 days and decays...
Preserving the integrity of the built heritage by detecting degradation, as well as monitoring the behavior of civil structures in response to vibrations or seismic phenomena is a challenge that is addressed by proposing different approaches and lines of research.
CRM (Composite Reinforced Mortar) with embedded FBG (Fibre Bragg Grating) sensors was tested in order to guarantee long-term...
Laser plasma accelerators (LPAs) represent a cutting-edge technique designed to achieve high accelerating gradients on the GV/m scale [1,2,3]. These advanced systems are gaining traction in particle physics due to their potential to surpass the limitations of traditional accelerator structures. Their appeal lies in the compact design of plasma-based accelerators (PBAs), utilizing small-scale...
It is well-known that in tokamaks, measuring electron temperatures in the plasma core can become problematic when certain values are reached, typically exceeding 6-8 keV [1]. Discrepancies often arise between the values provided by different diagnostics, such as Thomson Scattering and Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE), which are expected to agree. Accurate and reliable determination of...
