The long journey of correlative microscopy (CM) began in 1945 when Keith Porter conducted pioneering studies demonstrating that specific details within specimens could be observed and characterized using both light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) with proper sample preparation. Subsequent comparative attempts followed, thanks to contributions from McDonald, Pease, Hayes, and...
The Advanced X-Ray Imaging (AXIm) group at University College London has developed technology that enables x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) to be performed with conventional x-ray sources. The group is now engaging with industrial collaborators to seek translation of the developed technology.
The most advanced applications, which have reached the pre-commercial prototype stage, are...
The Southern European Thomson Back-Scattering (TBS) source for Applied Research (STAR) is a cutting-edge high-energy photon facility situated on the campus of the University of Calabria (UniCal). Recognized as a national Research Infrastructure within the Italian Research Infrastructure Plan (PNIR) 2021-2027, STAR represents a significant milestone in integrating large-scale scientific...
Historically, nuclear measurements have played a primary role in nuclear fusion experiments, such as those conducted on tokamaks. The notable example is given by the measurement of the neutron counts which provides the direct estimation of the fusion power. This is an essential parameter to know, in particular for the forthcoming DT fusion reactors.
The advent of neutron and gamma ray...
A deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel mix has been commonly proposed for the first generation fusion power plants. Majority of the DT reaction energy is carried away by the 14 MeV DT neutrons; thereby, monitoring of the fusion power (Pfus) and control of the plasma burn can be accurately done through the neutron diagnostics. Quite a limited experience exists in the integrated neutron diagnostics for...
Besides the well known emission of a 14 MeV neutron and a 3.5 MeV alpha particle, the D-T fusion reaction may also evolve with a secondary branch in which a 17 MeV gamma-ray is emitted together with a 5He nucleus. The physical properties of this secondary branch, though, were poorly known because of its very low probability to occur of about 10-5.
The second and third D-T experimental ...
Fusion energy has been the driven force in the High Energy Density (HED) community for more than fifty years but especially since the start of the National Ignition Campaign in 2009 on the National Ignition facility (LLNL, USA). The National Ignition Campaign, though a marvel in term of laser technology and data quality in this challenging regime, has failed to achieve ignition. This failure...
One of the main concerns of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is the impact of laser parametric instabilities growing during the interaction of the laser pulse (~10^14-10^15 W/cm2) with the long-scale plasma corona; the issue is even more serious in the Shock Ignition scheme, where the intensity of the laser spike (~10^16 W/cm2) is an order of magnitude higher than the intensity needed in the...
Laser-induced plasmas are versatile physical systems with applications in a wide range of fields, spanning from materials and biomedical sciences to environmental and food safety to extraterrestrial planet exploration, and more. Making the most of this broad set of applications requires a detailed knowledge of the plasma parameters and elementary processes responsible for the generation and...
In JET and future fusion reactors, thick co-deposited layers will be formed on their inner walls during extended plasma operations. Experiments in present-day fusion devices indicate these layers to consist of eroded plasma facing materials, various impurities in the edge parts of the fusion plasma, and actual plasma fuel species deuterium and tritium. Monitoring the inventory of the...
Electromagnetic Radiation, in a wide range of frequencies, from microwaves to X-rays, is a useful tool for non-destructive analysis of Cultural Heritage. In this tutorial the main principles of the interaction between radiation and matter, and their application in the field of cultural Heritage will be presented. Starting from X-ray radiography, X-ray fluorescence, to Lased Induced Breakdown...
The SINBAD-IR beamline at the INFN-Frascati National Laboratories, uses the synchrotron radiation produced by the DAΦNE electron ring, and conventional IR sources, for spectroscopy and imaging experiments targeting materials’ characterization across the infrared spectral range, from THz to NIR [1].
In the Cultural Heritage field, FT-IR spectroscopy is often used to study the spectral response...
At present the advent of ultrahigh precision measurements (<0.3% of relative uncertainty) in ^14^C relative abundances has drastically improved the quality of produced data. Such performance improvement projects its benefits (high sensitivity) over chronological data and/or sequences some-time highlighting the necessity to review usually applied assumptions for dating due to first order like...
Innovative technologies play a crucial role in the protection and conservation of cultural heritage against anthropogenic risks and climate change. In particular, multi-analytical approach offers comprehensive surveillance capabilities, identifying potential threats and damages [1]. In this sense, a multi-sensor scanning system able to acquire spectroscopic images using different techniques...
In recent years, the development of synchrotron radiation (SR) sources has resulted in the creation of beamlines tailored for studying cultural heritage materials. These beamlines often require specialized setups, specific spatial resolutions, and precise detection limits. In cultural heritage research, integrated approaches that combine multiple techniques are often essential. Some beamlines...
The interaction of high-power laser pulses with matter produces electromagnetic radiation with a broad frequency spectrum, ranging from the MHz up to the THz range [1,2]. These pulsed fields (known as Electromagnetic Pulses: EMPs) can reach intensities of the MV/m order at meter distance from the interaction point and are, therefore, often considered as a hazard in laser-plasma experiments,...
Precision medicine aims to provide highly personalized responses to clinical needs. To achieve this goal, doctors need to have more patient-specific information for diagnosis and a better understanding of the effects of the therapies. Hence, there is the urgent demand of new diagnostic and prediction tools. In silico models can be powerful tools to achieve these goals, but they still have...
Hydrogen Detection from Distance
Arne Walter, Matthias Hollmann, Frank Duschek
DLR (German Aerospace Center), Institute of Technical Physics, Im Langen Grund 1, 74239 Hardthausen, Germany
Contact: Frank.Duschek@dlr.de
Green hydrogen is regarded as an important carrier of clean energy for the upcoming decades. Gas leakage from infrastructures like pipelines and storages is...
In the frame of the research of new, non-invasive, and reliable diagnostic methods for the detection of tumor pathology, a systematic feasibility study was performed at Linköping University, Sweden, based on an electronic nose (e-nose) approach, which provided a very high percentage of agreement with the clinical diagnosis. The device consists of 32 metal-oxide chemical sensors configured in...
Upper and lower graphite divertors in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST tokamak) were replaced by tungsten divertors in 2014 and 2021, respectively. And boronization was performed in EAST to improve plasma performance in long pulse discharges and accumulate experiences for ITER operation with tungsten wall. Therefore, studies on the behavior of tungsten and boron and other...
An autoencoder (AE) is an unsupervised artificial neural network used to learn data patterns. By compressing data, an input signal is encoded into latent space variables and then decoded to reconstruct the input from these variables. This compression process, a form of dimensionality reduction, retains only the intrinsic characteristics of the signal, excluding non-descriptive elements. This...
Interferometric and polarimetric diagnostics are traditionally exploited in plasma experiments, and, in particular, in magnetically confined fusion experiments, to determine plasma electron density and to give valuable information on the internal magnetic fields, respectively [1]. These information enter into the evaluation of the plasma magnetic equilibrium and in particular into the...
Thin diamond detectors have proven to be excellent diagnostic tools for plasma diagnostic in a tokamak machine for the detection of soft X (SX) and UV radiation [1]. Furthermore, thanks to the excellent physical properties of diamond, i.e. wide band-gap, fast response time and radiation hardness, diamond detectors are among the alternative diagnostic tools in the next generation fusion...
Nuclear fusion offers the potential for an almost limitless and clean energy source.
Achieving controlled fusion necessitates the confinement of hot plasmas within devices
called tokamaks, which use magnetic fields for this purpose. Accurate measurement of
total radiation and impurities in these plasmas is crucial for optimizing performance and
ensuring safety.
Bolometers, which provide...
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is prepared by single step laser writing processes on many carbonaceous material [1]. By Raman spectroscopy it is observed that the laser scribing on a polymeric material with hexagonal structure, such as polyimmide (Kapton), induces a breaking of C-O, C=O and C-N bonds, with consequent rearrengement of carbon atoms to form a graphene structure. Depending on the...
New X-ray spectra of tungsten have been observed using the X-ray Crystal Spectrometer (XCS) on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The wavelength of these new x-ray spectra ranges from 3.895 Å to 3.986 Å. It is tentatively determined that the unidentified spectra measured by X-ray crystal spectrometer in EAST are emitted from W43+, W44+ and W45+ [1]. However, there is no...
One of the milestones to be achieved in the design of the bolometric diagnostics for the new Italian Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) project [1] is the estimation of the radiated power for the start of the operation, i.e the so called Phase 1. Such an achievement has several implications, ranging from the scientific analysis and planning of the discharges between shots to the feedback protection...
High electron temperature(Te) is an important parameter for future fusion reactors. Among the most common techniques used to evaluate Te are incoherent Thomson scattering (TS) and electron cyclotron emission (ECE). Due to the different diagnostic application conditions brought by different measurement principles and certain limitations of technology, it is difficult to maintain absolute...
In the European roadmap towards nuclear fusion, the new Italian project DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test) [1], currently under construction at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre, aims at exploring alternative solutions for the divertor and optimizing the divertor configuration foreseen for DEMO.
A dedicated set of diagnostics are planned to measure the radiated power by integrated emission detection...
The SPARC_LAB facility at the INFN laboratory in Frascati is being upgraded to accommodate a new user facility as part of the SABINA (Source of Advanced Beam Imaging for Novel Applications) project. The SPARC laboratory was set up to investigate the feasibility of an ultra-brilliant photoinjector and to perform FEL experiments. Over the years, upgrades, additional beamlines, and experiments...
One consolidated technique for the treatment of cancer is Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT). With this technique, radionuclides are attached to a specific drug that is able to bring them to the target tumor site [1]. The ISOLPHARM project is currently developing a radiopharmaceutical for TRT based on Ag-111, an innovative radionuclide [2] [3]. Ag-111 has a half-life of 7.45 days and decays...
Preserving the integrity of the built heritage by detecting degradation, as well as monitoring the behavior of civil structures in response to vibrations or seismic phenomena is a challenge that is addressed by proposing different approaches and lines of research.
CRM (Composite Reinforced Mortar) with embedded FBG (Fibre Bragg Grating) sensors was tested in order to guarantee long-term...
Laser plasma accelerators (LPAs) represent a cutting-edge technique designed to achieve high accelerating gradients on the GV/m scale [1,2,3]. These advanced systems are gaining traction in particle physics due to their potential to surpass the limitations of traditional accelerator structures. Their appeal lies in the compact design of plasma-based accelerators (PBAs), utilizing small-scale...
It is well-known that in tokamaks, measuring electron temperatures in the plasma core can become problematic when certain values are reached, typically exceeding 6-8 keV [1]. Discrepancies often arise between the values provided by different diagnostics, such as Thomson Scattering and Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE), which are expected to agree. Accurate and reliable determination of...
Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is the largest and most advanced superconducting stellarator currently in operation. The primary objective is to demonstrate the ability to maintain a steady-state plasma with fusion-relevant plasma parameters and thus proving that the stellarator is a viable fusion power plant concept. In the most recent test campaign, the new and fully water-cooled divertor was tested...
Future fusion reactors will differ significantly in many ways from the current fusion devices. The main goal of the current experiments is to measure as much information as possible about the state and temporal evolution of the plasma, in parallel performing technology tests. In future reactors, diagnostics will only serve plasma control functions[1]. In a commercial power plant, the number of...
M. Scholz1*, U. Wiącek1, K. Drozdowicz1, A. Jardin1, U. Woźnicka1, A Kurowski1, A. Kulińska1, W. Dąbrowski2, B. Łach2, D. Mazon3, V. Gerenton4
Measuring fusion neutron spectra can give important information on ion fuel ratio and ion temperature, which are the goals of the High-Resolution Neutron Spectrometry (HRNS) on ITER [1]. This role is foreseen to be fulfilled by the HRNS system,...
The main goal of the Divertor Test Tokamak (DTT) facility is the investigation of viable particle and power exhaust solutions for fusion reactors [1,2]. Performances, integration of edge and core and flexibility of the configuration are the guidelines of the DTT project, in order to test various power exhaust strategies for reactor relevant confined plasmas in a compact device. In this...
Comprehensive and accurate physics parameter measurements with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution are vital for controlling plasma shape, equilibrium profiles, and maintaining magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability. Additionally, these measurements are key to validating theoretical models and achieving a predictive understanding of plasma behavior for fusion pilot plant (FPP) plasma...
An alternative design of the toroidal magnetic systems is studied and proposed for a future DEMO class reactor and applied as a conceptual scaled study for the new academic tokamak Tuscia Research University Small Tokamak (TRUST), under review at University of Tuscia (UNITUS). The alternative magnetic layout has the Central Solenoid (CS) placed around the Toroidal Field (TF) coils central...
The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT), currently under construction at ENEA in Frascati, represents a crucial step in the development of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion [1]. DTT is a fully superconducting, high magnetic field tokamak, designed to significantly contribute to the integrated study of various divertor configurations. The diagnostic equipment includes advanced diagnostic systems for...
The TOMAS device, located at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany), is dedicated to studies of wall conditioning, plasma production, and plasma-wall interaction, providing a versatile experimental environment that supports activities related to superconducting fusion devices such as W7-X, JT-60SA, and ITER.
TOMAS is a fully metallic plasma device with a major radius of 0.78 m and a minor...
The muon anomalous magnetic moment, $a_\mu=\frac{g-2}{2}$, is a low-energy observable which can be both measured and computed to high precision, making it a sensitive test of the Standard Model and a probe for new physics. This anomaly was measured with a precision of 0.20 parts per million (ppm) by the Fermilab's E989 experiment. The final goal of the E989 experiment is to reach a precision...
The detection of gravitational waves requires the ability to measure extremely small effects, specifically variations in the length of the interferometer arms that are 1000 times smaller than the size of a proton.
Central to the success of detectors such as Virgo and LIGO are advanced optical technologies that enable unprecedented sensitivity and precision in the control of the interferometer...
Plasma acceleration is paving the way for new compact accelerators aiming at reducing the scale of the facilities needed by free electron laser (FEL) or high energy physics by employing accelerating gradients much larger than conventional RF structures. The EuPRAXIA Design Study (1) is dedicated to realizing a distributed FEL facility powered by plasma acceleration in the European framework...
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) project aims to construct the next-generation accelerator of the CERN complex. The primary objective is to build a 90 km electron-positron collider (FCCee), designed to operate at beam energies ranging from 45.6 to 182.5 GeV. The immense scale of this machine and the unprecedented properties of its beams present significant challenges for beam diagnostics....
Plasma acceleration is a novel technique for a large variety of applications, including radiation sources of new generation. X-ray sources based on betatron radiation from plasma accelerators hold promise as compact, innovative and highly accessible solutions for radiation users. The key feature that makes these sources unique, lies in the shortness of the pulses delivered, falling in the...
We report a study of laboratory plasmas with density ($n_e$) and temperature ($T_e$) close to those of solar chromosphere and photosphere. The dense plasmas produced in supercritical fluids [Nature Commun. 12, 4630 (2021)] by ns laser pulse show blackbody emission spectra, which gives $T_e \sim 1$ eV. The Saha equation modified by ionization potential depression gives $n_e ~ 10^{21}$...
The X-ray Calibration Facility (XCF) at the University and INFN of Torino is dedicated to the calibration and characterization of X-ray detectors, sensible to position, energy and polarization.
The facility is focused on the study of the Gas Pixel Detectors [1] for x-rays polarimetry of astrophysical sources, developed at INFN-Pisa. Such detectors are the core of the detector units of the...
In many scientific and engineering endeavours, the diagnostic of several quantities is complex, indirect, and rely on several simplifying assumptions that are not always exact. Especially in these cases, the integration of measurements with physical knowledge is the most performant way to obtain accurate and reliable results. Despite this, the fusion of partial differential equations (PDEs)...
The measurement of the radiation emitted by tokamak plasmas is essential for both control and the investigation of the physics. Radiation represents an energy loss, and its quantification is therefore crucial for power balance assessments. Localized plasma cooling can lead to anomalies in electron temperature, such as hollowness in the core or cooling of the edge, thereby causing instability...
The use of streak cameras in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and generally in laser-matter interaction experiments dates back to the 1960s. Nowadays such instruments can provide accurate time-resolved information about the evolution of laser-generated of plasma plumes.
Converting the streaked image in quantitative data about plasma parameters, such as plasma density and temperature,...
Ionizing radiation has been used globally for decades across various fields, including industry, medicine, food, agriculture, and environmental science, as well as in space and nuclear applications. One notable use is in Cultural Heritage (CH) preservation, where gamma rays, X-rays and electrons can be successfully used to disinfect and disinfest historical materials (e.g., paper, parchment,...
The discovery of hundreds of carbonised papyri in the 18th century in the Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum opened new insights into the knowledge of ancient philosophy and, at the same time, an important and global technical challenge in unrolling and reading them. The rolls underwent several chemical and mechanical treatments aimed at their unrolling, often compromising their preservation....
We are surrounded by emergencies; the past and new threats push researchers to find innovative solutions to increase the safety of the population and the security of the environment. In this paper, the authors will use the HotSpot ~ Health Physics Codes for the PC to simulate two different scenarios’ (and several case studies related). The first scenario is constituted by simulations of...
As the world seeks sustainable and low-carbon energy sources, nuclear fusion has emerged as a promising solution with its potential to generate vast amounts of clean energy as well as nuclear fission is considered by many countries that closed the nuclear fission programs many years ago like Italy. This study analyses the methods for risk evaluation of fusion and fission plants (approached...
Neutron measurements are of crucial importance for nowadays nuclear fusion plasma experiments, even more for the forthcoming DT fusion reactors. In particular, neutron diagnostics are a key tool for measuring the fusion power which is a primary parameter to evaluate the fusion performance. Historically, fusion power measurements are based on counting the neutrons with fission chambers or...
Besides the primary emission of a 14MeV neutron, the fusion reaction of Deuterium and Tritium may instead lead to the emission of a 17MeV gamma-ray, with a 2.4 ⋅ 10⁻⁵ probability [1]. A novel approach for measuring the fusion power at ITER has been suggested based on the absolute measurement of these gamma-rays, using the plasma's gamma ray emission detected by ITER's Radial Gamma Ray...
Spectroscopic analyses are between the most used methodologies to investigate any state of matter. In fact, from the analysis of the electromagnetic spectra it is possible to extract several quantities that are characteristics of the analysed medium. Therefore, the spectrum must usually be analysed and computed by some specific algorithms, such as pre-processing and calibration tools, to...
We demonstrate a compact ion beam device capable of accelerating H+ and D+ ions up to 75 keV energy, onto a solid target, with sufficient beam current to study fusion reactions. The ion beam system uses a microwave driven plasma source to generate ions that are accelerated to high energy with a direct current (DC) acceleration structure. The plasma source is driven by pulsed microwaves from a...
Diagnosing plasma parameters in next-generation fusion reactors like DEMO [1] poses a challenge due to limited in-vessel access and harsh environments. Millimeter-wave diagnostics offer a robust solution to measure electron density, but achieving comprehensive plasma coverage, essential for plasma position and shape control [2], requires large number of probing channels with wide frequency...
Within the scope of magnetic confinement fusion experiments, a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)-based detector was employed during the 2023 experimental campaigns at the MASTU (Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak) spherical tokamak to investigate the Soft X-Ray (SXR) radiation (0.1-20 keV) emanating from the plasma. GEM detectors are promising candidates as SXR diagnostics on the next generation on fusion...
The Polarimetry measurements, i.e. Faraday Rotation(FR) and Cotton-Mouton Phase Shift (CM), are useful as constraint for the determination of the plasma equilibrium and for the measurement of the plasma density, respectively [1,2]. The modelling tool for polarimetry, tested on JET data, is the Stokes model [3], where FR and CM are calculated using the spatial profile of the components Br and...
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor systems are widely used to monitor mechanical parameters for structural health
monitoring (SHM) of civil engineering structures. Among the so many applications, the FBG technology allows
the development of weighing pads that have a fully passive optical working principle, with no need of electrical
power at the measuring point.
In this contribution, a...
Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostic is widely deployed in fusion experimental devices as an effective method for the local measurement of key parameters such as plasma temperature, rotation velocity and impurity density. Designated to fulfill the requirements for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) CXRS diagnostic measurements, the RF-DA has...
In recent years, olive trees have been increasingly threatened by "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome" (OQDS), a disease caused by the harmful bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. This disease poses a significant challenge in Europe, especially in Italy, where olive oil production plays a major economic role. The syndrome harms the plant by thinning the xylem tissue, which disrupts the flow of water...
A phase-modulated dispersion interferometer combined with a polarimeter is currently being designed in ITER. This diagnostic, called DIP (Density Interferometer Polarimeter), aims at performing reliable electron density (ne) measurements with a time resolution of 1 ms and an accuracy of 10% during ramp up/down phases, and 2% during flat-top, serving as a complementary system for ITER’s main ne...
A multi-purpose system of interferometric setups to measure gas and plasma density are being developed at the INFN-LNS facility. First, for the FUSION project, there is the need to estimate proton and alpha stopping power in borated plasma. To this end, we have a modified Nomarski interferometer designed to have sub-nanosecond resolution (100 ps) at the second harmonic of the pump laser, 532...
The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility [1] will feature a poloidally distributed O-mode plasma position microwave reflectometry (PPR) system, crucial for future reactors, where in- vessel magnetic sensors for position control will be limited by high neutron flux and long pulse durations. The DTT PPR system will have a number of Lines of Sight (LOS) at the Low Field Side equatorial and...
Plasma electron density, as one of the core parameters of plasma characteristics, accurate and reliable measurement and real-time feedback control are indispensable foundations for ensuring stable operation of plasma and in-depth physical study. Specifically, online monitoring of electron density is an indispensable diagnostic method for every tokamak device. A Polarimeter/Interferometer...
This study explores the possibility of using a neutron source that fissions a fissile thin layer, this last is used to cover a tank full of light gas. It’s possible to exploit the released energy of the reaction and from the same fission products for various applications (e.g. spatial propulsion, hybrid reactors etc.) not argued in this work.
A dedicated Monte Carlo model simulating fission...
In fusion devices, the local soft X-ray (SXR) plasma emissivity is rich in information about electron temperature and density, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity and concentration of impurities that can be inferred with the help of dedicated tomographic inversion and synthetic diagnostic tools [1, 2]. Nevertheless, estimating the local plasma emissivity from a sparse set of noisy...
The preliminary design of the Thomson Scattering(TS) system devoted to the measurement of the
electron density and temperature in the pedestal region of DTT ( Divertor Test Tokamak) is
described. The evaluation of the DTT pedestal width based on the presently elaborated models
tested on JET and DIIID leads to a pedestal width Δ=15mm , assuming maximum temperature
Te=20keV and density ne=5...
The measurement of 14 MeV neutrons present in a deuterium-deuterium plasma is an important parameter for the estimation of the triton burn up component in a tokamak. The deuterium-deuterium reaction has two equally possible branching ratios, one of which leads to the presence of tritons in the plasma. A fraction of these can cause a deuterium-tritium reaction, producing 14 MeV neutrons that...
Alexandru Boboc the JET Operations Team*
UKAEA, Culham Campus, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
* See the author list of ‘JET machine operations in tritium & D-T’ by D B King et al., to be published in Nuclear Fusion Special Issue: Overview and Summary Papers from the 29th Fusion Energy Conference (London, UK, 16-21 October 2023)
E-mail: Alexandru.Boboc@ukaea.uk
After more than half a century of...
The measurement of electron temperature ( Te) is done in tokamak plasmas mainly by Electron Cyclotron Emission(ECE) and using the Thomson scattered laser radiation(TS).
Recently these measurements were reviewed in the JET ( Joint European Torus) DTE2 (second deuterium-tritium campaign) and differences Te_ECE – Te_TS were detected in particular at high electron temperature...
Magneto-hydrodynamics instabilities (MHD) like Magnetic Islands can appear in the plasma of magnetically confined fusion reactors because of (neo-classical) tearing modes (NTM). NTMs perturb the magnetic equilibrium configuration creating shortcuts for the heat and particle radial transport, hence affecting the confinement, reducing the plasma internal pressure and in turns reducing the...
The index of refraction of a plasma in a magnetic field is described by the ion density n_i, with i=D (deuterium) or H (hydrogen), in the frequency range of the fast wave. Hence, interferometry and reflectometry using the fast wave as a probe wave can provide the ion mass density m_i n_i [1,2] and the isotope ratio n_D⁄(n_D+n_H) [3], respectively. The frequency range of the fast wave for these...
Thomson scattering has been utilized as a diagnostic technique for measuring electron temperatures and densities in DIII-D divertor regions since 1995. Together with a range of other divertor-focused diagnostics, Divertor Thomson Scattering system (DTS) has advanced knowledge of divertor detachment, surface material erosion yield and heat fluxes, and enabled validation of boundary codes....
Plasma Position Reflectometry (PPR) is taking an important role in next generation fusion machines, such as DEMO, as a diagnostic to monitor the position and shape of the plasma, complementing magnetic diagnostics. The Divertor Test Tokamak Facility (DTT) presents itself as the perfect machine to implement, develop and test PPR systems, contributing in this way to the gain of a knowledge...
Laser-driven particle acceleration relies on the interaction between ultraintense (I>1018 W/cm2) laser pulses and matter. A plasma is formed due to the ionization of the target, and electrons are heated until they escape from the interaction region, giving rise to a strong charge separation. This electric field is thus responsible for protons and heavier ions accelerated forward [1].
This...
Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques adopted for the characterization of ceramic plasma discharge capillaries, designed for high repetition rate plasma-based particle accelerators
The EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Source (EuAPS) will be the first user-oriented radiation source based on betatron radiation, and it is currently under development at Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN at the FLAME laser facility.
Betatron radiation is emitted due to the betatron oscillations of electrons in a plasma during the Laser WakeField Acceleration (LWFA) process. An intense laser...
In the past decade, organometal halide perovskites (OMHP) semiconductors have been studied as sensors for ionization radiation and X-ray detectors, beside the well known success as photovoltaic devices. Properties such as simple single crystal growth from low-cost solution processes, high stopping power, defect-tolerance, large mobility-lifetime product and tunable bandgap make OMHP very...
M.A. Vincenti1,*, R.M. Montereali1,2, E. Nichelatti3, V. Nigro1, M. Piccinini1, M. Koenig4, P. Mabey5, G. Rigon4,6, H.J. Dabrowski4, Y. Benkadoum4, P. Mercere7, P. Da Silva7, T. Pikuz8, N. Ozaki9, E.D. Filippov10, S. Makarov10, S. Pikuz10, B. Albertazzi4
1 ENEA C.R. Frascati, Nuclear Department, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
2Present address: V. A. Cassani, 39 00046...
Currently, there are several magnetic fusion devices in design or construction that expect to cross the Q>1 region. These devices are critical to the next steps of Fusion, the long-term energy mix and the resolution of the whole climate change situation.
These machines will need an extensive set of measurements to allow the running of these devices, to preserve the integrity of the...
Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) radiotherapy has emerged as a promising technique for revolutionizing cancer treatment. Unlike traditional photon-based radiotherapy, which often struggles with suboptimal dose distribution and challenges in sparing adjacent healthy tissue, VHEE employs high-energy electrons (approximately 250 MeV) that are accelerated to extremely high velocities. These...
The effective ion charge, Zeff, is a key parameter in magnetic confinement fusion plasma, quantifying the average ionization state of impurities and is critical for assessing plasma impurity level and radial impurity distribution. In ITER tokamak, the expected Zeff is around 1.8, with permissible variations limited to ±0.2. The visible bremsstrahlung measurement is a useful tool for measuring...
Helimak is a plasma experimental device with a helical magnetic field and a toroidal vacuum vessel. The structure of Helimak is similar to that of a tokamak, which make it possible to simulate a tokamak-like in-vessel environment. Low operating costs make it a validation platform for wall conditioning technology of fusion devices.
Microwave reflectometry is a widely used plasma density...
Abstract—A vertical single channel 0.65THz solid-source interferometer (SSI) has been established on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) for real-time electron density measurement and feedback. A novel terahertz line array detection scheme is proposed to improve the spatial resolution of the SSI. By employing high-power solid-state diode sources and an AlGaN/GaN line array...
High spatial resolution edge Thomson scattering diagnostic is important for fusion research. The electron temperature and density profiles of plasma are basic parameters in the study of Tokamak plasma physics, so the development of high spatiotemporal resolution edge Thomson scattering diagnostic has been carried out in many major tokamak devices, such as DIII-D[1], JT-60U[2], JET[3], EAST[4],...
This paper presents a reconfigurable architecture designed for real-time data processing in tokamak diagnostics. Through the deployment and application on various laser-aided electron density diagnostics, including the HCN interferometer, POINT, solid-state source interferometer, and carbon dioxide dispersion interferometer, the architecture has been validated to meet the real-time data...
We present the design of the suite of Gas Puff Imaging (GPI) diagnostic systems on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV). These systems enable the study of Scrape-Off-Layer (SOL) turbulence in the tokamak, specifically focusing on the phenomenon of blobs. For the first time at TCV, we now have the capability to simultaneously collect poloidal 2D images of turbulence at several locations:...
In this work we report on the chemical characterization of metallic tiles of interest for nuclear fusion technology by using the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. The LIBS system used was designed to be compact and light, equipped with a sub-ns laser and suitable to be mounted on the Joint-European-Torus (JET) robotic arm. The coatings, composed of tungsten (W), Molybdenum...
