This work is devoted on the recent work on precise investigation of gas parameters in the realistic Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors. A laser test facility is assembled in Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf. UV laser pulses of 257 nm wavelength are generated and focused into the gas gap of detector prototypes to ignite primary electrons by Multi-photon Ionization process. As the...
The ALICE muon trigger (MTR) system consists of 72 Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors arranged in two stations, each composed of two planes with 18 RPCs per plane. The detectors are operated in maxi-avalanche mode using a mixture of 89.7% $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, 10% $i-C_{4}H_{10}$, 0.3% $SF_{6}$. A number of detector performance indicators, such as efficiency, dark current and dark counting...
The Extreme Energy Events (EEE) Project employs Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) detectors for studying the secondary cosmic ray muons in Extensive Air Showers. The array is made up by ~60 tracking detectors, sparse on Italian territory and CERN. Each EEE telescope consists of 3 layers of MRPCs with an active area of 158 x 82 cm^2, operated in avalanche mode. The MRPCs are fluxed in...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) have shown stable operation at the Large Hadron Collider and satisfactory efficiency for the entire Run 1 (2010--2013) and Run 2 (2015--2018) with C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$-based gas mixtures and the addition of SF$_{6}$ and i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$. However, C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ and SF$_{6}$ are greenhouse gases with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP): in particular,...
Resistive Plate Chambers are the gaseous detectors having gas as a sensitive medium for the detection of charged particles. Glass based resistive plate chambers of size 2m X 2m operated in avalanche mode will be used as an active detector element at INO-ICAL experiment. To fulfil the physics goal, about 29,000 RPCs will be used for 20 long years. A large amount of gas mixture is to be...
In the next years, during the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) program, the instantaneous luminosity will increase up to 5x10^34 cm-2 s-1 which means factor five more than the nominal LHC luminosity. During this period the present CMS Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) system will be subjected to high background rates and operating conditions much harder with respect those for which the detectors have...
Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used at the CERN LHC experiments as muon trigger thanks to their excellent time resolution. They are operated with a gas mixture containing $C_2 H_2 F_4$ and $SF_6$, both greenhouse gases (GHG) with a very high global warming potential (GWP). The search of new environmentally friendly gas mixtures is necessary to reduce GHG emissions and costs...
Present RPC Standard Mixture $C_2 H_2 F_4/ C_4 H_10/SF6$=94,7/5/0.3 has an high Global Warming Potential which requires searching for more eco friendly gases. In this work we present results of several tests performed with different gas mixture having HFO as the main component. The RPC performance in terms of efficiency, charge and time resolution will be presented. We tried also to...
The carbon footprint is of main importance for the sustainability of man kind. We must all want to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, and gas radiation detectors should not be a privileged island. Many efforts have been done during the last years in our community: searching for new ECO-friendly gases; implementing recovery and/or re-circulation systems; improvements in detector...
The large RPC systems at the CERN-LHC experiments are operated with a gas mixture containing C2H2F4 (R134a), SF6 and iC4H10. The first two gasses have a very high global warming potential (GWP) and their availability, as well as price, might be subject to Fluorinated gas Regulations in the near future.
Several gas mixtures based on new environmentally friendly gases are being tested by RPC...
The Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) is a parallel plate, gaseous detector with a wide range of applications in physics experiments at e.g. the CERN LHC collider and future, beyond LHC facilities.
In order to operate the detector in avalanche mode, the standard RPC gas mixture is based on C2H2F4, which is characterized by a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) and therefore considered greenhouse...
