XIX International Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes

Session

New Facilities

22 Feb 2021, 11:35

Room 1 (https://unipd.link/NeuTel-ParallelRoom1)

Conveners

New Facilities: (Room 1)

• Christian Farnese (PD)
• Andrea Longhin (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 1)

• Fabio Pupilli (PD)
• Chiara Sirignano (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 2)

• Andrea Longhin (PD)
• Luca Stanco (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 2)

• Marco Grassi (University of Padova - INFN)
• Gianmaria Collazuol (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 3)

• Luca Stanco (PD)
• Mauro Mezzetto (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 3)

• Fabio Pupilli (PD)
• Francesco D'Eramo (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 2)

• Mauro Mezzetto (PD)
• Fabio Pupilli (PD)

New Facilities: (Room 2)

• Christian Farnese (PD)
• Mathieu Lamoureux (INFN Padova)

New Facilities: (Room 2)

• Christian Farnese (PD)
• Mathieu Lamoureux (INFN Padova)

212. Study of SIPMs for the JUNO-TAO detector

Claudio Lombardo (Dipartimento di fisica ed Astronomia Università degli studi di Catania)

22/02/2021, 11:35

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The Taishan Antineutrino Observatory (JUNO-TAO) is a ton-level liquid scintillator detector at 30-35 meters from the Taishan reactor and it is a satellite detector of the JUNO Observatory.
It aims to measure the reactor neutrino spectrum and to provide model independent inputs for the neutrino mass hierarchy. To reach an energy resolution better than 2%, the scintillation light produced in...

186. JUNO OSIRIS Online Trigger

Mr Runxuan Liu (IKP-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich)

22/02/2021, 11:40

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Flash talk

JUNO is a 20 kt liquid scintillator detector under construction in Jiangmen, China, whose goal is to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy. Decay of radioactive isotopes in the liquid scintillator can mimic neutrino signal events. In order to meet the stringent requirements on the radiopurity of the liquid scintillator in JUNO experiment, the OSIRIS pre-detector is being designed to monitor...

222. Delta Rays: A Novel Calibration for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) for Low Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos

Olexiy Dvornikov (University of Hawaii)

22/02/2021, 11:45

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Flash talk

Future neutrino observatories, like the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE),
will be sensitive to supernovae and solar neutrinos of low energies. These neutrinos offer a unique
look inside stars and stellar explosions. Inside the DUNE liquid argon time projection chamber,
low-energy electron neutrinos will produce visible electrons. In this talk, we will present a
preliminary study...

176. Measuring the proton-argon cross-section at ProtoDUNE-SP

Dr Heng-Ye Liao (Kansas State University)

22/02/2021, 11:50

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

Recent neutrino oscillation experiments have ushered in a new era with precisionmeasurements employed in the search for CP violation and mass hierarchy. The Deep UndergroundNeutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next generation long-baseline neutrino experiment hosted by the U.S. Department of Energy's Fermilab. The single-phase liquid argon far-detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at the CERN neutrino...

188. Optimization of the Target Station for the ESSnuSB Project Using the Genetic Algorithm

Loris D'Alessi (IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3)

22/02/2021, 12:05

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The ESS neutrino Super Beam project (ESS$\nu$SB) aims at the production of an intense neutrino beam by using the 5 MW average power proton beam from the ESS facility currently under construction in Lund (Sweden). In the present work, we show the results of the Genetic Algorithm applied to the design of the ESS$\nu$SB target station. The impact of this optimization method on the physics reach...

228. Prospects of building an accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment in China

Sampsa Vihonen (Zhongshan University)

22/02/2021, 12:10

Parallel Flash talk

China is currently seeing a rise of underground laboratories and particle accelerators on its mainland. In this talk, we discuss the prospects of building a next-generation accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment by utilizing the laboratory sites that are available in China. We consider the potential candidates for the neutrino beam and detector facilities and examine their...

271. Probing the second oscillation maximum at DUNE

Mehedi Masud (IBS-CTPU, Daejeon, Korea)

22/02/2021, 12:15

Parallel Flash talk

After the successful experimental confirmation of the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation, the major goal of the neutrino experiments has mainly shifted to the search for leptonic CP-violation (CPV), determination of neutrino mass ordering and the precision measurement of the oscillation parameters.
Leptonic CPV, if it can be established, can offer a crucial ingredient in explaining the...

125. Capabilities of the DUNE Near Detector Complex

Dr Tanaz Angelina Mohayai (Fermilab)

22/02/2021, 17:30

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The main goals of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) are to measure CP violation in the lepton sector, to make precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters, to observe supernova burst neutrinos and to detect rare processes such as proton decay. To fulfill these goals, DUNE will use a highly capable suite of near detectors that work together to constrain flux and cross...

257. Physics potential of THEIA: a hybrid optical neutrino experiment

Daniele Guffanti (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz)

22/02/2021, 17:50

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The combination of recent developments in liquid scintillator, photodetection technology, and reconstruction techniques have made possible the concept of a large-scale neutrino detector that can distinguish Cherenkov and scintillation light. THEIA is a proposed multi-kton experiment that would be pioneering in exploiting the innovative concept of hybrid optical detectors, with the potential to...

229. JUNO Detector Design & Status

Hans Theodor Josef Steiger (Technische Universität München)

22/02/2021, 18:10

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a next-generation liquid scintillator reactor neutrino experiment being built in the Guangdong province in China. JUNO is a multi-purpose experiment with a wide range of applications in neutrino physics, ranging from a mass-ordering determination to solar, geo, and atmospheric neutrino measurements, to detecting supernovae. Moreover JUNO...

129. The GRAND observatory: Status and Future plans

Charles timmermans (Nikhef/Radboud University)

23/02/2021, 17:30

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) is a proposed distributed observatory with a total area of 200,000 km2. This observatory will not only be sensitive to Ultra-High-Energy (UHE) neutrinos, but also to UHE photons and UHE cosmic rays; making it a multi-messenger observatory at the highest energies. In this contribution, the current status of the GRAND project will be...

122. Modeling the background for a neutrino search with the HAWC observatory

Hermes León Vargas (Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico)

23/02/2021, 17:50

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

The search for neutrino signals using a surface detector array is a challenging task that requires a very good control of the large background the from cosmic radiation. In this work we propose to use the HAWC observatory, an ~22000 m^2 water Cherenkov detector array located at 4100 m a.s.l., to search for neutrino induced muons produced within the largest volcano in Mexico, located in close...

274. The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Explorer

Dr Matthias Danninger (Simon Fraser University)

23/02/2021, 18:10

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

Every time researchers have pushed the energy boundary in particle physics we have found something new about our Universe. Recently, IceCube has demonstrated that Neutrino Telescopes can use neutrinos from the cosmos as excellent tools to continue this exploration. The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Explorer (P-ONE) is a proposed initiative to construct one of the largest neutrino telescopes deep in...

126. Search for exotic pion decays

Dr Saul Cuen-Rochin (Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Sinaloa)

24/02/2021, 11:35

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The PIENU experiment was performed to measure the ${\pi }^{+}\to e^{+}{\nu }_e$ branching ratio with precision of $<0.1$% and search for rare pion decays. Recently many new and improved results of the rare decay searches involving heavy neutrinos ${\pi }^{+}\to l^{+}{\nu }_H(l=e,\mu )$, weakly interacting neutral bosons ${\pi }^{+}\to l^{+}\nu X$, and three neutrinos...

173. Study of Ocean Bottom Detector for observation of geo-neutrinos from mantle

Mr Taichi Sakai (Tohoku Univ. RCNS)

24/02/2021, 11:40

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Flash talk

Observation of geo-neutrinos originating from radioactive isotopes in the Earth (238U,232Th, etc.) can be converted to the amount of radioactive isotopes and the heat generated by their decays which governs the Earth dynamics.
KamLAND experiment achieved world's first observation of geo-neutrinos in 2005. Improvement of observation accuracy allowed us to reach the level where we can obtain...

217. Overview of the Planned Surface Enhancement of IceCube

Roxanne Turcotte (IAP KIT)

24/02/2021, 11:45

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Flash talk

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory with its surface array IceTop enables multi-messenger astrophysics, detecting cosmic rays and neutrinos and searching for PeV gamma rays at a single location. IceTop will be upgraded in the coming years in order to improve its sensitivity and resolution. This surface enhancement will consist of 32 stations comprised of 8 scintillation panels and 3 radio...

262. Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE): pathfinder and prototype line development

Christian Spannfellner (Technical University Munich)

24/02/2021, 11:50

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Flash talk

The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE) is a new initiative between Canadian and German groups that aims to construct a large volume neutrino telescope in the Northeast Pacific Ocean and, in this way, complement the sky coverage of the existing or under construction neutrino telescopes. As part of the NEPTUNE observatory, established by ONC, two pathfinders were built and deployed at the...

182. Measuring the proton Zemach radius with the FAMU experiment at RIKEN-RAL

Maurizio Giorgio Bonesini (INFN MIB)

24/02/2021, 12:05

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The FAMU (Fisica degli Atomi Muonici) experiment has the goal to measure precisely the proton Zemach radius, with incoming low energy muons. It will contribute to precision tests of QED and may contribute to shed more light on the so-called proton radius puzzle, by studying the electromagnetic structure of the proton and muon-nucleon interactions. To this aim, the FAMU experiment makes use...

175. Surprising Muon and Tau Airshower from Earth edges and Moon

Pietro Oliva (Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano)

24/02/2021, 12:10

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Flash talk

The neutrino detection require an associated lepton birth signal. Because of the weak interaction and because of the abundant cosmic ray noises, in last century huge undergroung detector were preferred for the single lepton traces. However highest energies leptons (above tens-hundred TeV), electron or tau secondaries, might produce in air huge airshowers: such a huge amplified signal, in...

270. Toward the detection of UHE neutrinos with the Cherenkov Telescope on EUSO-SPB2

Eliza Gazda (Georgia Institute of Technology)

24/02/2021, 12:15

Parallel Flash talk

Detecting ultrahigh-energy (UHE) neutrinos is a challenging task because fluxes are low, and the interaction cross-sections are minute. Motivated by the detection of high-energy neutrinos with IceCube, we are developing a compact Cherenkov telescope to detect Earth-skimming (UHE) neutrinos from a high-altitude balloon flight. The 1 m diameter Schmidt telescope has a 512-pixel...

197. The Liquid Scintillator for JUNO

Michele Montuschi (Researcher)

24/02/2021, 12:20

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton multi-purpose Liquid Scintillator (LS) detector currently being built in a dedicated underground laboratory in Jiangmen (PR China). JUNO’ s main physics goal is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering using electron anti-neutrinos from two nuclear power plants at a baseline of about 53 km. JUNO aims for an unprecedented...

59. POEMMA: Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics

John Krizmanic (CRESST/NASA/GSFC/UMBC)

24/02/2021, 17:30

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

Developed as NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, the Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to observe cosmic neutrinos and to identify the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with full-sky coverage for both of these extremely energetic messengers. POEMMA consists of two spacecraft flying in a loose formation at 525 km altitudes. Each spacecraft...

114. Neutrino Target-of-Opportunity Observations with POEMMA

Tonia Venters (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

24/02/2021, 17:50

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

Cosmic-ray accelerators capable of reaching ultra-high energies are expected to also produce very-high energy neutrinos via hadronic interactions within the source. Many of the candidate astrophysical source classes are either transient in nature or exhibit flaring activity. Leveraging the Earth as a neutrino converter, the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) will be able to...

148. A Compact Air-Shower Imaging System for Ultrahigh-Energy Neutrino Detection

Michele Doro (PD)

24/02/2021, 18:10

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

The Trinity Observatory is a proposed ultra high energy (UHE) neutrino detector with a core-energy range of 10^6 GeV-10^10 GeV, bridging the observational gap between IceCube and radio UHE detectors like GRAND. It is a system of air-shower imaging telescopes that detect Earth-skimming tau neutrinos from multiple mountain tops. The telescopes have a novel-design 10x60-degree rectangular wide...

22. Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment: results & prospects.

Tom Lord (University of Warwick)

25/02/2021, 10:00

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

A neutrino source based on decay of an intense muon beam would make an ideal source for measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters. Muon beams may be created through the decay of pions produced in the interaction of a proton beam with a target. The muons are subsequently accelerated and injected into a storage ring where they decay producing a beam of neutrinos. Cooling of the muon beam...

99. Status of the ENUBET monitored neutrino beam

Francesco Terranova (MIB)

25/02/2021, 10:20

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The ENUBET experiment, included in the CERN Neutrino Platform effort as NP06/ENUBET, is developing a new neutrino beam based on conventional techniques in which the flux and the flavor composition are known with unprecedented precision ($\mathcal{O}$(1%)). Such a goal is accomplished by monitoring the associated charged leptons produced in the decay region of the ENUBET facility. Positrons and...

241. NuSTORM accelerator challenges and opportunities

Chris Rogers (RAL)

25/02/2021, 10:40

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The nuSTORM facility uses a stored muon beam to generate a neutrino source. Muons are captured and stored in a storage ring using stochastic injection. The facility will aim to measure neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections with uniquely well-characterised neutrino beams; to facilitate the search for sterile neutrino and other Beyond Standard Model processes with exquisite sensitivity; and...

232. ESSnuSB progress on the design of the near and far neutrino detectors and the simulation of the physics potential

Mariyan Bogomilov (University of Sofia (BG))

25/02/2021, 11:00

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The 5 MW ESSnuSB proton beam represents an outstanding opportunity to create a sufficiently intense neutrino Super Beam to enable measurement of leptonic CP violation with a megaton water Cherenkov detector placed at the three time more distant second neutrino oscillation maximum, where the CP-violating term in the neutrino oscillation probability is significantly larger at the oscillation...

147. Potential of neutrino physics with DARWIN

Andrii Terliuk (Heidelberg University)

25/02/2021, 17:30

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The DARWIN observatory is a future dark matter detector containing 40 tons of liquid xenon in an active volume of a dual-phase time projection chamber. An ultra low intrinsic radioactivity, large mass, low threshold and good energy resolution make DARWIN a suitable tool to perform a wide range of neutrino physics measurements. Natural xenon contains approximately 9% of ${}^{136}$Xe that is...

158. A High Intensity Frontier Initiative (HIFI) to design a nuSTORM facility and a Neutrino Factory based on the ESSnuSB facility

Jean-Pierre DELAHAYE (CERN)

25/02/2021, 17:50

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

When the 5 MW, 2.5 GeV, 1.3 ms proton pulses hit the ESSnuSB neutrino target there will be a copious production of not only neutrinos but also of muons. These muons could be used for precise neutrino cross-section measurements and sterile neutrino searches in a low energy nuSTORM facility and for high precision PMNS parameter measurements in a Neutrino Factory. An overview will be given of the...

246. Physics opportunities at nuSTORM

Dr Luis Alvarez-Ruso (IFIC, Valencia)

25/02/2021, 18:10

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The intense beam of muon and electron neutrinos with precisely known energy distributions provided by the stored-muon facility (nuSTORM) shall allow for a rich physics program with considerable impact in our understanding of fundamental properties of neutrinos and their interactions. In particular, the precision goals of the oscillation program can only be achieved with a realistic modeling of...

17. RES-NOVA: archaeological Pb observatory for astrophysical neutrino sources

Luca Pattavina (INFN-LNGS & TUM)

26/02/2021, 10:00

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

RES-NOVA is a new proposed experiment for the hunt of neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae (SN) via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) using an array of archaeological Pb-based cryogenic detectors. The high CEvNS cross-section on Pb and the ultra-high radiopurity of archaeological Pb enable the operation of a high statistics experiment equally sensitive to all neutrino...

163. Neutrinos as signal and background in the search for dark matter with INO

Deepak Tiwari (PICO, University of Montreal)

26/02/2021, 10:20

Neutrino Telescopes and Multimessenger

Parallel Contributed Talk

Annihilation of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) in the center of the sun($\odot$), earth($\oplus$) and the galaxy can give rise to neutrino-antineutrino pairs as their final products. We look at the prospects of detecting such neutrinos at the proposed 50-kt Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector, to be housed at the upcoming India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO), wherein the...

145. JUNO-TAO: Status and Prospects

Fabrizio Petrucci (ROMA3)

26/02/2021, 10:40

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

The Taishan Antineutrino Observatory (JUNO-TAO) is a satellite experiment of the JUNO detector. TAO consists of a ton-level liquid scintillator (LS) detector placed at ∼30 meters from a reactor core of the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant in Guangdong, China.
The main purposes of TAO are to provide a reference antineutrino spectrum for JUNO, removing possible model dependencies in the...

190. Dark Photon Search at Yemilab, Korea

Sunny Seo (Institute for Basic Science (IBS) )

26/02/2021, 11:00

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Contributed Talk

Dark photon is a well-motivated hypothetical particle introduced to explain BSM hints revealed in several independent experiments. A 3 kton-scale neutrino detector to be proposed in Yemilab, currently under construction in Korea can shed light on dark photon search using 100 MeV electron beam striking on a thick tungsten target. Best direct search sensitivity is expected for dark photons with...

112. The ENUBET beamline

Claudia Caterina Delogu

26/02/2021, 11:35

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The ENUBET project aims at reducing the flux related systematics on a narrow band neutrino beam through the monitoring of the associated charged leptons in an instrumented decay tunnel.
A key element of the project is the design of a meson transfer line with conventional magnets that maximizes the yield of $K^{+}$ and ${\pi }^{+}$, while minimizing the total length to reduce meson decays in the not...

78. Calibrating the world's largest LArTPC detector

Mattia Fanì (LANL)

26/02/2021, 11:40

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is the next generation long-baseline experiment for neutrino physics. DUNE will measure the oscillation probabilities of neutrinos and antineutrinos at unprecedented precision to quantify the Charge-Parity (CP) violation effects in the leptonic sector and shed light on the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe along with supernovae, solar...

108. Physics prospects of second oscillation maximum at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

Jogesh Rout (Jawaharlal Nehru University)

26/02/2021, 11:45

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The precision measurement of neutrino parameters can be achieved by studying ${\nu }_{\mu }\to {\nu }_e$ oscillations over a large $L/E$ range. In the context of long baseline neutrino experiments (with fixed $L$), this amounts to examining oscillations over a wide energy range. Most of the current and future long baseline experiments such as Deep Underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) are mainly...

121. Physics potential with the DUNE ND-GAr detector

Federico Battisti (Oxford)

26/02/2021, 11:50

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The ND-GAr, or Near-Detector gaseous argon detector, is one of the proposed components of the future DUNE near detector complex. It has been designed to achieve low detection thresholds and high acceptance. The ND-GAr characteristics make it an optimal detector to study neutrino interactions which is crucial for measuring leptonic CP violation. In this talk the physics potential of the ND-GAr...

170. Simulation of low-energy neutron events at ProtoDUNE-SP

Junying Huang (UC Davis)

26/02/2021, 12:05

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment which utilizes liquid argon TPC technology. The far detector will be in Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota, USA. An external neutron source based on a DD (Deuterium-Deuterium) generator can be used to calibrate the detector parameters. The single-phase and dual-phase...

143. Long-baseline tagged neutrino experiments with megaton scale water Cerenkov detectors

Mathieu Perrin-Terrin (Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France)

26/02/2021, 12:10

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

Long-baseline neutrino experiments using megaton scale water Cerenkov far detectors can accumulate very large neutrino samples - $\mathcal{O}({10}^3){\nu }_e/\mathrm{y}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}$ - even with moderate beam intensity - $\mathcal{O}(100)$kW. The
presentation will show that at these intensities it is possible to instrument the beam with charged particle silicon pixel trackers to reconstruct precisely the...

149. Event Reconstruction in JUNO

Dr Philipp Kampmann (Forschungszentrum Jülich - IKP 2)

26/02/2021, 12:15

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator experiment currently under construction in the vicinity of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China. Its main focus lies on the determination of the Neutrino Mass Ordering via measuring the oscillated spectrum of electron anti-neutrinos from two nuclear power plants in 53 km distance each. JUNO requires to...

168. ESSnuSB progress on the design of the ESS linac power upgrade and the accumulator ring

Ye Zou (Uppsala University)

26/02/2021, 12:20

Neutrino Masses and Mixings

Parallel Flash talk

According to the baseline design of the 5 MW accelerator under construction in Lund, Sweden, its duty cycle will be only 4%, which leaves room for increasing the beam power and duty cycle to 10 MW and 8%, respectively. The linac power upgrade will be realized by increasing the linac pulse frequency from 14 to 28 Hz. The ESS linac pulse is 3 ms long which is too long for the cosmic ray-related...