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This research involves producing GO using the Hummers method, generating a composite using GO and PVA, and analyzing these composites’ structural, optical, and electrical characteristics. The impact of thermal annealing on the structure and optical characteristics of GO/PVA materials at various concentrations were also investigated. The band gap value, specific resistance, and dielectric constant were all found to be well controlled by varying the thermal annealing temperature and the concentration of GO in this case. To study the effect of temperature on the physical properties of GO/PVA nanocomposite materials with different percentages, all samples were thermal annealed at temperatures of 40°C, 70°C, and 110°C. The exposure to gamma radiation-induced structural modifications in the GO/PVA composite was also studied. The prepared GO and GO/PVA nanocomposite films were subjected to gamma (γ) radiation at different doses (10, 500, and 1500 kGy) to analyze the effects on their structure and optical properties. The structural changes in the nanocomposites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), allowing for the determination of any alterations resulting from exposure to radiation at different doses. Furthermore, elemental analysis was conducted using an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to gain insights into the elemental composition of the samples. The optical properties of the samples were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). These analysis methods provided valuable information regarding any changes induced by gamma radiation.