In this contribution, we report the latest results of primary cosmic ray proton, helium, carbon, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and iron fluxes based on the data collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station during 11 years of operation. We discuss the properties and composition of their spectra and present a novel model-independent...
We present high statistics measurements of the secondary cosmic rays Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Fluorine based on 11.5 years of AMS data. The properties of the secondary cosmic ray fluxes and their ratios to the primary cosmic rays Li/C, Be/C, B/C, Li/O, Be/O, B/O, and F/Si are discussed. The systematic comparison with the latest GALPROP cosmic ray model is presented.
We will report the latest results on the properties of nitrogen (N), sodium (Na), and aluminum (Al) cosmic rays in the rigidity range 2.15 GV to 3.0 TV based on 5 million N, 0.58 million Na and 0.64 million Al nuclei collected by the AMS. We observe all three fluxes are well described by the sums of a primary cosmic ray component and a secondary cosmic ray component. With our measurements, the...
Lithium and Beryllium nuclei in cosmic rays are expected to be secondaries produced by the fragmentation of primary cosmic rays during their propagation in the Galaxy. Therefore, their fluxes contain essential information on cosmic ray propagation and sources. Secondary-to-primary flux ratios provide measurements of the material traversed by cosmic rays in their journey through the Galaxy. The...
We present the precision measurements of eleven years of the cosmic-ray positrons flux in the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1.4 TeV based on 3.9 million positrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The positron flux measured by the AMS exhibits complex and unexpected energy dependence. Its distinctive properties are: a significant excess starting...
Deuterons are the most abundant secondary nuclei in cosmic rays and precise measurement of their properties will allow to test and constrain various cosmic ray propagation models.
The precision measurement of deuteron flux with kinetic energy per nucleon from 0.2 GeV/n to 9 GeV/n based on 15 million deuterons collected by Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer during the first 10 years of operation on...
We present the latest precision measurements of the electron flux based on 57 million electron events collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station during first eleven years of operations. These results on cosmic-ray electrons in the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 2 TeV reveal new features that are crucial for providing insights into their origins. Comparing the...
Latest results by AMS on the fluxes and flux ratios of charged elementary particles in the absolute rigidity range from 1 up to 2000 GV reveal unique properties of cosmic charged elementary particles. In the absolute rigidity range ~60 to ~500 GV, the antiproton flux and proton flux have nearly identical rigidity dependence. This behavior indicates an excess of high energy antiprotons compared...
Cosmic-ray electrons and positrons (CREs) of TeV energies suffer severe energy losses during their propagation limiting their traveling distances to just a few kpc and, therefore, their measurement provides a unique channel to constrain local Galactic cosmic-ray sources. However, at high energies their detection is intrinsically difficult due to their low abundances and steep spectrum. In this...
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a satellite-borne experiment, in operation since 2015, aimed at studying high-energy gamma rays and cosmic rays. Proton and helium are the first- and second-most abundant components in cosmic rays. Given their smaller interaction cross-sections with the interstellar medium, compared to heavier nuclei, they can travel larger distances, thereby...
The quiet Sun, i.e., in its nonflaring state or nonflaring regions, emits thermal radiation from radio to ultraviolet. The quiet Sun also produces nonthermal radiation observed in gamma rays due to interactions of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with the solar atmosphere and photons. We report on a new component: the synchrotron emission by GCR electrons in the solar magnetic field. To the best of...
The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) project is composed of a series of Italian-Chinese space missions, dedicated to monitoring the near-Earth environment. The High-Energy Particle Detectors (HEPD-02) is one of the scientific instruments aboard the second satellite of the CSES mission, CSES-02, which is expected to be put into sun-synchronous orbit in early 2024.
The HEPD-02...
The High Energy Particle Detector 01 (HEPD-01) is hosted on board of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). It was launched on the 2nd of February 2018 and it is on a Sun-Synchronous orbit at an altitude of 500 km. HEPD-01 is completely developed by the Italian part of the CSES-Limadou collaboration. It is dedicated to the detection of charged particles: electrons (about 3-100...
The General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) is an upcoming Antarctic balloon mission to search for dark matter by measuring low-energy cosmic-ray antinuclei using a novel detection technique. GAPS is the first experiment optimized to detect cosmic-ray antideuterons below 0.25 GeV/n. Antideuteron production in this energy range is kinematically suppressed in standard astrophysical processes...
I present the results of cosmic ray interaction models applied to an unprecedentedly large sample of blazar AGN. The modeling was performed using an efficient, self-consistent and time-dependent numerical framework newly published as open-source software. I show that for a large number of sources, the X-ray and very-high-energy gamma-ray fluxes can be explained by cascades triggered by cosmic...
The detection of cosmic gamma rays, high-energy neutrinos and cosmic rays (CRs) signal the existence of environments in the Universe that allow particle acceleration to extremely high energies. These observable signatures from putative CR sources are the result of in-source acceleration of particles, their energy and time-dependent transport including interactions in an evolving environment...
Cosmic-ray (CR) antiparticles have the potential to reveal signatures of unexpected astrophysical processes and new physics. Recent CR detectors have provided accurate measurements of the positron flux, revealing the so-called positron excess at high energies. However, the uncertainties related to the modelling of the positron flux are still too high, significantly affecting our models of...
High-energy cosmic-ray electrons and positrons cool rapidly as they propagate through the Galaxy, due to synchrotron interactions with magnetic fields and inverse-Compton scattering interactions with photons of the interstellar radiation field. Typically, these energy losses have been modelled as a continuous process. However, inverse-Compton scattering is a stochastic process, characterised...
Supernova remnants shocks are considered the best sites for the production of Galactic cosmic rays. The interactions of cosmic rays produced at supernova shocks with photon fields and the interstellar medium generate a multi-wavelength spectrum from radio to gamma rays. In particular, TeV gamma-ray emission may originate from both hadronic and leptonic interactions. Recent results from kinetic...
The origin and acceleration mechanisms of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are still unknown. Gamma-ray observations have been crucial in identifying potential sites of CR acceleration. However, understanding these observations is challenging because both hadronic and leptonic processes can produce gamma rays, and different mechanisms may be responsible for accelerating various CR species. A...
The central region of the Milky Way is a peculiar target even for observations at the highest energies in the gamma-ray regime. For that reason the Galactic Centre (GC) represents an ideal laboratory where studying physical processes and testing theories and models. A definitive and conclusive explanation of the measured flux at GeV and TeV bands is still unknown. Among the most plausible...
Cosmic rays (CRs) are trapped within the Milky Way and diffuse through the interstellar medium (ISM) for millions of years. This confinement and propagation process creates a pervasive ``sea'' of relativistic particles that interact with the diffuse gas, radiation, and magnetic fields in the ISM to produce secondary emissions over a broad energy range from all directions on the sky.
The...
The Telescope Array (TA) experiment is the largest observatory for ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) in the northern hemisphere. The TA experiment, along with its low-energy extension (TALE), employs plastic scintillator detectors and fluorescence detectors to observe cosmic-ray-induced air showers ranging from 2 PeV and 100 EeV. In this presentation, we provide an overview of the current...
In this contribution, we present the energy spectrum using data acquired from the Pierre Auger Observatory. By integrating six distinct methodologies, we measured the spectrum from 6×10$^{15}$ eV up to beyond 10$^{20}$ eV. With an accumulated exposure of over 80,000 km$^2$ sr yr above the ankle region, it represents the most accurate spectrum estimation ever achieved within this energy range....
The origin of cosmic rays has been one of the motivating questions of the astrophysics field for over a century, an open and exciting topic since then. To help answer this question, the Pierre Auger Observatory investigates the anisotropies of the ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) — with energies above ${\sim}32$${\,}$PeV — at small, intermediate, and large angular scales. The Observatory...
The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest facility for the study of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). After nearly 20 years of successful operation, the observatory has provided many new insights about the spectrum, anisotropies and composition of UHECRs. However, more precise measurements are needed to obtain a complete picture about the nature and origin of these particles, to...
We explore two generic hypotheses for tracing the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) in the Universe: star formation rate density or stellar mass density. For each scenario, we infer a set of constraints for the emission mechanisms in the accelerators, for their energetics and for the abundances of elements at escape from their environments. From these constraints, we generate...
LHAASO-KM2A is composed of 5915 scintillation detectors and 1188 muon detectors. The muon detectors cover 4% of the total array area, with an inter-detector spacing of 30 meters. This report is based on the data samples recorded by LHAASO-KM2A from August 2021 to July 2022 with zenith angle $θ<40°$, which energy is estimated around $10^{14}-10^{16.7}$eV. The Monte Carlo samples are produced...
To detect the cosmic neutrino flux at the highest energies, Askaryan radio detectors are being deployed in the polar regions. These detectors use the radio detection technique to cover multi-gigaton detection volumes to probe neutrino interactions in the polar ice. Cosmic ray showers can serve as essential calibration sources for in-ice Askrayan radio detectors. However, if not well...
The PeV-EeV range of the cosmic ray energy spectrum is a complex region that probably harbours the transition from Galactic to extragalactic origins. It is unclear where this transition occurs and whether a secondary Galactic component is required to explain the observations. Measuring the mass composition of cosmic rays is essential to disentangle the fluxes and gain better understanding of...
The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is a calorimetric space-borne experiment for the direct detection of cosmic rays. It will be launched and installed onboard the China Space Station in 2027. The ambitious aim of HERD is the direct detection of cosmic rays in the "knee" region (~ 1 PeV), with a detector able to measure electrons, photons and nuclei with an excellent...
